Financial intermediaries facilitate efficient allocation of funds in the economy, providing individuals and businesses with access to financial services and enabling economic growth and development.
Financial intermediaries play a crucial role in the financial system by facilitating the flow of funds between savers and borrowers. They act as intermediaries between those who have surplus funds (savers) and those who need funds (borrowers). There are three main types of financial intermediaries: depository financial institutions, contractual savings institutions, and investment intermediaries. Let's explore each type with relevant examples:
1. Depository Financial Institutions:
Depository financial institutions are financial intermediaries that accept deposits from individuals and provide loans to borrowers. They include commercial banks, savings banks, and credit unions. These institutions offer various deposit accounts, such as checking accounts and savings accounts, and provide loans to businesses and individuals. Examples of depository financial institutions include Bank of America, JPMorgan Chase, Wells Fargo, and local credit unions.
2. Contractual Savings Institutions:
Contractual savings institutions are financial intermediaries that mobilize savings from individuals through contractual agreements and provide long-term funding to borrowers. They include insurance companies and pension funds. These institutions collect premiums or contributions from policyholders or members and invest those funds to generate returns. The returns are then used to fulfill insurance claims or provide retirement benefits. Examples of contractual savings institutions include Prudential Financial, MetLife, State Farm Insurance, and pension funds like the California Public Employees' Retirement System (CalPERS).
3. Investment Intermediaries:
Investment intermediaries are financial institutions that pool funds from multiple investors and invest them in a diversified portfolio of financial assets. They include mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and investment banks. These intermediaries offer investors the opportunity to invest in a variety of securities, such as stocks, bonds, and money market instruments. Examples of investment intermediaries include Vanguard Group, BlackRock, Fidelity Investments, Goldman Sachs, and Morgan Stanley.
It's important to note that these categories of financial intermediaries are not mutually exclusive, and some institutions may operate in multiple areas. For example, a commercial bank may also provide insurance and investment services. Additionally, different countries may have variations in the types and names of financial intermediaries, but the underlying functions and roles remain similar.
Overall, financial intermediaries facilitate efficient allocation of funds in the economy, providing individuals and businesses with access to financial services and enabling economic growth and development.
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Suppose you accept your parents' offer of a 2007 BMW M6 convertible, but that's not the kind of car you want. Instead, you sell the car for $61,000, spend $11,000 on a used Corolla, and use the remaining $50,000 as a down payment for a house. The bank offers you a 30-year loan with equal monthly payments and an interest rate of 6% per year, and requires a 20% down payment. How much can you borrow, and what will be the payment on the loan?
Answer:
To determine how much you can borrow and the payment on the loan, we'll follow these steps:
Explanation:
Step 1: Calculate the total cost of the house.
The total cost of the house is the down payment plus the remaining amount you intend to borrow.
Down payment: 20% of the house price
Down payment = 20% * House Price = 0.20 * House Price
House Price = Down payment / 0.20
Given that the remaining $50,000 is used as a down payment:
House Price = $50,000 / 0.20 = $250,000
Step 2: Calculate the loan amount.
The loan amount is the difference between the house price and the down payment.
Loan Amount = House Price - Down payment
Loan Amount = $250,000 - $50,000 = $200,000
Step 3: Calculate the monthly payment on the loan.
To calculate the monthly payment, we'll use the loan amount, loan term, and interest rate.
Loan Amount: $200,000
Loan Term: 30 years (360 months)
Interest Rate: 6% per year (0.06/12 monthly)
Monthly Payment = Loan Amount * (Monthly Interest Rate) / (1 - (1 + Monthly Interest Rate)^(-Loan Term))
Monthly Interest Rate = 0.06/12 = 0.005
Monthly Payment = $200,000 * (0.005) / (1 - (1 + 0.005)^(-360))
Using a financial calculator or spreadsheet, the monthly payment is approximately $1,199.10.
Therefore, you can borrow $200,000 and the monthly payment on the loan would be approximately $1,199.10.
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Which of the following are used to value projects? Selected Answer: a.Sales revenue which only includes projected sales revenue b.Sales revenue which only includes projected sales revenue c.Net income but adjusted for taxes and dividends 0 out of 1 points d.Free cash flows which incorporate things like asset purchases, changes in working capital, etc e. Repurchases are seen as a negative signal since managers must think the firm's stock is overvalued
D.) Free cash flows which incorporate things like asset purchases, changes in working capital, etc.
Free cash flows are the cash that a company has after it has paid for all its capital expenditures and working capital requirements. A free cash flow (FCF) model is a model that is commonly used to estimate the intrinsic value of a corporation. A free cash flow model provides an estimate of the company's value by measuring the cash flows that the company will generate for investors after the necessary capital investments have been made. Therefore, Free cash flows incorporate things like asset purchases, changes in working capital, etc, and are used to value projects.
Repurchases are seen as a positive signal because it indicates that the firm believes its shares are undervalued, and it is using its resources to buy back shares at a discount. Repurchasing shares can increase the company's earnings per share (EPS), and the increase in EPS can lead to an increase in the company's stock price.
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2.100 Survival and class on the Titanic. On April 15, 1912, on her maiden voyage, the Titanic collided with an iceberg and sank. The ship was luxurious but did not have enough lifeboats for the 2224 passengers and crew. As a result of the collision, 1502 people died.28 The level of luxury and the price of the ticket varied with the class, first class being the most luxurious. There were 323 passengers in first class, 277 in second class, and 709 in third class. The number of first-class passengers who survived was 200. For second- and third-class passengers who survived, the numbers were 119 and 181, respectively. Let's look at these data with a two-way table. a. Create a two-way table that you could use to explore the relationship between survival and class. b. Which variable is the explanatory variable, and which is the response variable? Give reasons for your answers. c. Find the two marginal distributions. Write a brief summary explaining the major features of these distributions. d. Which conditional distribution would you choose to explain the relationship between these two variables? Explain your answer. e. Find the conditional distribution that you chose in part (d) and write a summary that includes your interpretation of the relationship based on this conditional distribution.
a. Two-way table that could use to explore the relationship between survival and class. b. explanatory variable and response variable c. two marginal distributions their brief summary d. the relationship between these two variables and. e. conditional distribution that chose in part (d) are as follow-
a. The two-way table that can be created to explore the relationship between survival and class on the Titanic is as follows:
Survival
Yes No Total
-----------------------------------------
First Class 200 123 323
Second Class 119 158 277
Third Class 181 528 709
-----------------------------------------
Total 500 809 1309
b. In this context, the explanatory variable is the "Class" variable, and the response variable is the "Survival" variable. The explanatory variable is the one that is believed to influence or explain the outcome of interest, while the response variable is the outcome being studied. In this case, the class of the passengers (first, second, or third) is the factor that could potentially explain the differences in survival rates.
c. The two marginal distributions can be obtained by summing the rows and columns in the two-way table:
| Yes | No |
----------------------------------------
First | 200 | 123 |
----------------------------------------
Second | 119 | 158 |
----------------------------------------
Third | 181 | 528 |
The major features of these marginal distributions are the total number of survivors and non-survivors in each class. For example, in the first class, there were 200 survivors and 123 non-survivors. The distributions provide a general overview of the survival rates across different classes.
d. To explain the relationship between survival and class, the conditional distribution that would be suitable is the distribution of survival within each class. This allows us to examine the proportion of survivors within each class, which provides insights into how survival rates vary based on the class of the passengers.
e. The conditional distribution chosen in part (d) can be summarized as follows:
| Yes | No |
----------------------------------------
First | 0.619 | 0.381 |
----------------------------------------
Second | 0.431 | 0.569 |
----------------------------------------
Third | 0.255 | 0.745 |
From this conditional distribution, it can be observed that the proportion of survivors was highest in the first class (approximately 0.619) and lowest in the third class (approximately 0.255). This indicates a clear association between class and survival, suggesting that passengers in higher classes had a higher likelihood of survival compared to those in lower classes.
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A student is conducting an evaluation for a company with the following statements. Answer whether it is TRUE or FALSE for each statement and specify the reasons. a) He finds that the company has acquired one of its suppliers and thus specifies the supplier power is high for the company. b) She specifies that because the company faces strong competition in its sector, the growth rate (currently high than the industry average level) will drop more quickly to the industry average growth level than it would if the company had sustained competitiveness. c) He has calculated a very positive cash conversion cycle (CCC) and believes that the company has a high operating efficiency. d) He decides to use the geometric growth rate, rather than the arithmetic growth rate, of revenues and net income in the common-size analysis. e) He plans to use the two-stage growth model and assumes that the high-growth period would be 20 years given the industry average is 9 years. f) He is going to use the FCFE model with the discount rate of WACC to calculate the share price for the company. g) He assigns a stable (long-term) growth rate of 5% given that some economist has predicted the economic growth rate will be around 3.5%.
Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) is a financial metric that measures the time it takes for a company to convert its investments in inventory and other resources into cash inflows from sales.
a) FALSE. Acquiring a supplier does not necessarily indicate high supplier power for the company. Supplier power refers to the control suppliers have over pricing, terms, and supply availability, which can be influenced by factors such as market competition and alternative supplier options.
b) TRUE. If the company faces strong competition and loses sustained competitiveness, its growth rate is likely to drop more quickly to the industry average level. Intense competition can erode the company's market share and profitability, affecting its growth prospects.
c) TRUE. A positive cash conversion cycle (CCC) generally indicates high operating efficiency. CCC measures the time it takes for a company to convert its investments in inventory and other resources into cash inflows from sales. A shorter CCC implies the company efficiently manages its working capital and cash flow.
d) FALSE. The arithmetic growth rate is more appropriate for common-size analysis, which examines the relative changes in financial statement items over time. The geometric growth rate is commonly used in valuation models, but it may not accurately represent the growth pattern in common-size analysis.
e) FALSE. The assumption of a high-growth period of 20 years in the two-stage growth model exceeds the industry average of 9 years, which may lead to unrealistic projections. The high-growth period should be based on a reasonable assessment of the company's growth potential within the industry context.
f) TRUE. Using the Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) model with the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) as the discount rate is a common approach to calculate the share price. FCFE represents the cash available to equity shareholders, and WACC reflects the required return on the company's invested capital.
g) TRUE. Assigning a stable long-term growth rate of 5% based on the economist's prediction of a 3.5% economic growth rate indicates a growth rate higher than the overall economy. This assumption implies that the company is expected to outperform the general economic conditions in the long run.
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Create a detailed business model for income shared agreement(ISA) for franchise business model for the business idea, as in there is a franchise in each university offering a better assessment of student payment plans.
An Income Share Agreement (ISA) is a contractual agreement between a student and an institution, in which the student agrees to pay a percentage of their future income to the institution in exchange for the institution providing educational services or training. Here's a detailed business model for an ISA for a franchise business model for the business idea of offering better assessment of student payment plans:
1. Franchise Model: There will be a franchise in each university that will offer a better assessment of student payment plans. The franchise will provide students with an ISA that will cover the cost of tuition, fees, books, and other educational expenses.
2. Agreement Details: The ISA will be a legally binding agreement that outlines the terms and conditions of the agreement, including the percentage of income the student will pay back to the franchise, the payment period, and other details.
3. Income Share Percentage: The income share percentage will be based on the expected income of the student after graduation. The percentage will vary based on the student's major, job prospects, and other factors.
4. Payment Period: The payment period will be determined based on the expected income of the student after graduation. The payment period will range from 5 to 10 years.
5. Collection Process: The franchise will have a dedicated team that will track the income of the students and collect the payments. The payments will be deducted from the student's salary, and the franchise will receive the payments directly.
6. Marketing Strategy: The franchise will use a variety of marketing strategies to reach out to potential students, including social media marketing, email marketing, and advertising. The franchise will also partner with universities to promote the ISA program to their students.
7. Revenue Model: The franchise will generate revenue by collecting a percentage of the student's income for the duration of the payment period. The franchise will also generate revenue by charging a fee for the ISA program and other related services.
In conclusion, this business model for an ISA for a franchise business model for the business idea of offering better assessment of student payment plans is a promising business venture that can potentially revolutionize the way education is financed.
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Charles offered to sell to Constance a personal watercraft that was not running very well for $500. Constance was interested but not willing to pay $500. She said "I'll give you $400." Charles said that he would think about it. Later, the same day, Charles asked Donna if she would be interested in purchasing the personal watercraft for $500. Donna said "Would you consider $450?" Charles said he would think on it. A few minutes later, Everett who had heard that Charles wanted to sell the watercraft accepted Charles' offer to sell for $500, and they agreed that he would pick up the watercraft the next day. A few minutes later, Constance called saying that she accepted Charles' offer to sell the watercraft for $500. A few minutes after that, Donna called and told that she accepted his offer to sell the watercraft for $500. Charles told Constance and Donna that he had already sold it, and they are angry, threatening to sue. Additionally, through no fault of anyone, there was a fire at Charles' home that night and the personal watercraft burned. Everett was not happy. A dispute ensues regarding what obligations Charles has, if any. Which of the following is correct regarding the status of the negotiations between Charles and Constance prior to the fire? a Charles made an offer which was rejected by Constance when she made a counteroffer for $400. b Charles had made an offer which was still outstanding even though Constance had made a counteroffer for $400. c Charles had made an offer but it was revoked because Constance did not immediately accept it. d Charles had made an offer, and it was still outstanding because he did not revoke it before ending his initial conversation with Constance in which she offered $400. e No binding offer was ever made because it was not in writing.
The correct answer is b) Charles had made an offer which was still outstanding even though Constance had made a counteroffer for $400.
In this scenario, Charles initially offered to sell the personal watercraft to Constance for $500. However, Constance was interested but not willing to pay that amount and made a counteroffer of $400. At this point, there was a negotiation between Charles and Constance, where Charles had the opportunity to accept or reject Constance's counteroffer.
The fact that Charles said he would think about Constance's counteroffer indicates that he did not immediately accept or reject it. Until Charles explicitly accepts or rejects the counteroffer, his initial offer of $500 remains outstanding, and the negotiation between Charles and Constance is still ongoing.
Therefore, option b) Charles had made an offer which was still outstanding even though Constance had made a counteroffer for $400 accurately reflects the status of the negotiations between Charles and Constance prior to the fire.
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What are some of the most critical issues that the BIAL leadership had to handle during the crisis?
How did Prem Watsa's stated expectations for Hari Marar influence the BIAL leadership's approach to managing the Covid crisis?
What leadership styles prevailed during the crisis? What is appropriate?
How would you prepare BIAL for the end of crisis and post-crisis stages?
1. During the crisis, the BIAL leadership had to handle several critical issues. Below are some of the most critical issues that the BIAL leadership had to handle during the crisis:
First and foremost, the airport had to keep up with the new guidelines and regulations that were being established as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. BIAL also had to make sure that it was in compliance with the guidelines established by the WHO and the local government.The second issue that the BIAL leadership had to handle was that it needed to ensure that it had a contingency plan in place that could be implemented if the crisis worsened. The leadership had to make sure that the airport had enough resources to manage the situation, including personal protective equipment and medical supplies.The third issue that the BIAL leadership had to handle was that it needed to make sure that its staff members were trained on how to handle the crisis. The airport had to ensure that its employees were informed about the latest developments and guidelines and that they were following all the necessary precautions.The fourth issue that the BIAL leadership had to handle was that it needed to communicate effectively with all stakeholders, including employees, passengers, and the government. Effective communication was essential to ensure that everyone was on the same page and working towards the same goals.2. Prem Watsa's stated expectations for Hari Marar influenced the BIAL leadership's approach to managing the Covid crisis in several ways. Watsa emphasized the importance of putting passengers first, even during a crisis. The leadership took this advice to heart and worked to ensure that the airport was safe and comfortable for passengers during the pandemic.
3. The leadership styles that prevailed during the crisis were a mix of autocratic and democratic styles. During the early stages of the crisis, the leadership was more autocratic in its approach. It needed to make quick decisions and take swift action to manage the situation. However, as the crisis progressed, the leadership became more democratic in its approach. It started to involve employees and other stakeholders in the decision-making process and gave them a voice in how the airport was managed.
4. In preparing BIAL for the end of the crisis and post-crisis stages, the leadership should focus on several areas.
First, it should continue to prioritize the safety and well-being of passengers and employees. Second, it should develop a plan for how to manage the airport as travel resumes and the number of passengers increases. Finally, it should continue to communicate effectively with all stakeholders to ensure that everyone is on the same page.Learn more about leadership:-
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Nambia is an African country with the unit of currency of the Namib with 350 namibs [µ]equal to $1.00 and 420µ equal to £1. Nambia has a deposit insurance system that provides for coverage up to a limit of 15,000,000µ per all eligible accounts in aggregate per bank. Not all accounts are covered by the Nambian deposit insurance system, which specifically excludes CD’s with maturities in excess of 3 years and all inter-bank accounts. However, foreign currency accounts are included within the overall limit.
Suppose that an account holder has the following exposure in a bank that failed:
Savings Account = 3,350,000µ
Current Account = 3,350,000µ
CD (I year) = 2,250,000µ
CD (2 year) = 3,500,000µ
CD (3 year)=1,500,000µ
CD (4year)=2,500,000µ
Foreign Currency Account-1: $15000
Foreign Currency Account-2:£5000
If there is currently no coinsurance in Nambia, how much can the account holder recover and how much does the account holder lose in the event that the bank goes insolvent? Express in both monetary amounts and percentage terms.
The account holder can recover 9,950,000µ and would lose 9,500,000µ, representing a recovery rate of approximately 51.2%.
In the event of the bank's insolvency, the account holder's recovery and loss can be calculated based on the coverage limits of the deposit insurance system in Namibia. The total exposure of the account holder includes the balances in various accounts, excluding the CDs with maturities exceeding 3 years and inter-bank accounts. The total exposure amounts to 19,450,000µ (including both Namib and foreign currency balances).
Considering the coverage limit of 15,000,000µ per bank, the account holder can recover up to 9,950,000µ, which is the maximum amount covered by the deposit insurance system. The remaining 9,500,000µ would be lost.
The recovery rate, calculated as the recovered amount divided by the total exposure, is approximately 51.2%. This means that the account holder would receive approximately half of their total exposure in the event of the bank's insolvency, while losing the remaining amount.
Therefore, the account holder can recover a portion of their exposure, limited by the coverage limits of the deposit insurance system, and would experience a loss for the uncovered amount in the event of the bank's insolvency. The recovery rate indicates the percentage of the total exposure that can be recovered.
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The transactions of Spade Company appear below.
K. Spade, owner, invested $17,250 cash in the company in exchange for common stock.
The company purchased supplies for $500 cash.
The company purchased $9,539 of equipment on credit.
The company received $2,036 cash for services provided to a customer.
The company paid $9,539 cash to settle the payable for the equipment purchased in transaction c.
The company billed a customer $3,657 for services provided.
The company paid $520 cash for the monthly rent.
The company collected $1,536 cash as partial payment for the account receivable created in transaction f.
The company paid a $1,100 cash dividend to the owner (sole shareholder).
Prepare the Trial Balance. Use May 31 as its report date.
The company paid a $1,100 cash dividend to the owner (sole shareholder).This transaction decreases cash and retained earnings accounts.A trial balance is an accounting report that lists the balances of all ledger accounts in order to check whether the books are in balance or not.
To prepare a trial balance for the Spade Company, we must first review the transactions for the month of May and prepare journal entries to record them in the company's general ledger. We can then use the balances of these ledger accounts to prepare the trial balance. The transaction analysis for each of the transactions is presented below:Transaction A: K. Spade invested $17,250 cash in the company in exchange for common stock.This transaction increases cash and common stock accounts.Transaction B: The company purchased supplies for $500 cash.This transaction increases supplies and decreases cash accounts.Transaction C: The company purchased $9,539 of equipment on credit.This transaction increases equipment and accounts payable accounts.Transaction D: The company received $2,036 cash for services provided to a customer.This transaction increases cash and service revenue accounts.
Transaction E: The company paid $9,539 cash to settle the payable for the equipment purchased in transaction C.This transaction decreases cash and accounts payable accounts.
Transaction F: The company billed a customer $3,657 for services provided.This transaction increases accounts receivable and service revenue accounts.Transaction G: The company paid $520 cash for the monthly rent.This transaction decreases cash and rent expense accounts.
Transaction H: The company collected $1,536 cash as partial payment for the account receivable created in transaction F.This transaction increases cash and decreases accounts receivable accounts.
Transaction I: The company paid a $1,100 cash dividend to the owner (sole shareholder).This transaction decreases cash and retained earnings accounts.
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A hair care retailer needs to finalize the purchasing plans for a new hair care product. Following information is provided by the purchasing director regarding the product’s supply.
Ordering costs = $60/order
Holding costs = $12 /unit/year
Lead-time = 2 weeks
Unit cost = $80/unit
Demand = 200 units/week
Number of weeks per year = 50
Currently, retailer plans to order once each two weeks during its 50-week year. What is the total cost of ordering and holding these goods under this system? What is the total cost?
How many units should the purchasing director order at one time to minimize the total annual cost of purchasing and carrying? (What is the EOQ?)
When should the product be ordered? (What is the reorder point?)
What is the cost of ordering and holding goods using the EOQ? How does it compare to the cost in (a)?
The retailer decides to keep 1 week’s demand as safety stock to buffer the uncertainty in supply.
What is the safety inventory? How does the EQO and Reorder point change with safety stock?
What is the cost of ordering and holding goods if safety inventory is kept?
To calculate the total cost of ordering and holding the hair care product under the current system, we need to consider both the ordering costs and holding costs.
a) **Total cost of ordering and holding goods under the current system:**
Ordering costs: $60/order
Holding costs: $12/unit/year
Unit cost: $80/unit
Demand: 200 units/week
Number of weeks per year: 50
The number of orders placed per year can be calculated as:
Orders per year = (Number of weeks per year) / (Ordering frequency)
Orders per year = 50 / (2 weeks) = 25 orders per year
The order quantity for each order can be calculated as:
Order quantity = (Demand per week) x (Lead time)
Order quantity = 200 units/week x 2 weeks = 400 units
The holding cost per unit per year can be calculated as:
Holding cost per unit per year = (Holding cost per unit) x (Order quantity) / 2
Holding cost per unit per year = $12/unit/year x 400 units / 2 = $2,400
The ordering cost per year can be calculated as:
Ordering cost per year = (Ordering cost per order) x (Orders per year)
Ordering cost per year = $60/order x 25 orders per year = $1,500
The total cost of ordering and holding goods under this system is the sum of the ordering cost and holding cost:
Total cost = Ordering cost per year + Holding cost per year
Total cost = $1,500 + $2,400 = $3,900
b) **Optimal order quantity (EOQ):**
The Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) is the order quantity that minimizes the total annual cost of purchasing and carrying inventory. It can be calculated using the formula:
EOQ = √[(2 x Demand x Ordering cost per order) / Holding cost per unit per year]
EOQ = √[(2 x 200 units/week x $60/order) / $12/unit/year]
EOQ = √[(2 x 10,000) / $12]
EOQ = √1666.67
EOQ ≈ 40.83 units (rounded to the nearest whole unit)
c) **Reorder point (ROP):**
The reorder point is the inventory level at which a new order should be placed to avoid stockouts during the lead time. It can be calculated using the formula:
ROP = Demand per day x Lead time
ROP = (Demand per week / 7 days) x Lead time
ROP = (200 units/week / 7 days) x 2 weeks
ROP ≈ 57.14 units (rounded to the nearest whole unit)
d) **Cost of ordering and holding goods using EOQ:**
To calculate the cost of ordering and holding goods using the EOQ, we need to calculate the new ordering cost and holding cost.
Ordering cost per year = (Ordering cost per order) x (Number of orders per year)
Ordering cost per year = $60/order x (Demand per year / EOQ)
Ordering cost per year = $60/order x (200 units/week x 50 weeks / 40.83 units)
Ordering cost per year ≈ $14,703.06
Holding cost per year = (Holding cost per unit per year) x (EOQ / 2)
Holding cost per year = $12/unit/year x (40.83 units / 2)
Holding cost per year ≈ $244.95
The total cost of ordering and holding goods using the EOQ is the sum of the ordering cost
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A project has an initial equipment cost of $10,000. It will have a life of three years. The equipment cost will be depreciated in a straight line over the three years to a $4,000 salvage value. Cash sales are expected to be $20,000 with 60% cost of goods sold. The appropriate discount rate is 12% and the corporate tax rate is 25%.
What is the project net present value? Should the project be accepted?
The project will require $13,000 working capital in year 0. What is the project net present value? Should the project be accepted?
The project's net present value (NPV) is -$6,639 and the project's NPV is negative, it should be rejected.
Given:
Equipment cost = $10,000
Salvage value = $4,000
Life of the project = 3 years
Cash sales = $20,000Cost of goods sold = 60%
Appropriate discount rate = 12%
Corporate tax rate = 25%
Working capital required in year 0 = $13,000
To calculate the project's net present value (NPV), we need to calculate the project's cash flows, both inflows and outflows over the three years.
NPV = Present Value of cash inflows - Present Value of cash outflows
The initial equipment cost is $10,000 and will be depreciated in a straight line over the three years to a $4,000 salvage value. The depreciation per year is $2,000 ($10,000 - $4,000/3).
Year 0: Cash outflow = Equipment cost + Working capital required in year 0 = $10,000 + $13,000 = $23,000
Year 1: Cash inflow = 60% * $20,000 = $12,000 and cash outflow = Depreciation = $2,000. So, the cash inflow-outflow for year 1 is $12,000 - $2,000 = $10,000
Year 2: Cash inflow = 60% * $20,000 = $12,000 and cash outflow = Depreciation = $2,000. So, the cash inflow-outflow for year 2 is $12,000 - $2,000 = $10,000
Year 3: Cash inflow = 60% * $20,000 + Salvage value = $12,000 + $4,000 = $16,000 and cash outflow = Depreciation = $2,000. So, the cash inflow-outflow for year 3 is $16,000 - $2,000 = $14,000
Now, we can calculate the present value of each cash inflow and outflow at a discount rate of 12%.
Year 0: Present value = $23,000/(1 + 12%)^0 = $23,000
Year 1: Present value = $10,000/(1 + 12%)^1 = $8,929
Year 2: Present value = $10,000/(1 + 12%)^2 = $7,948
Year 3: Present value = $14,000/(1 + 12%)^3 = $9,484
The project's net present value (NPV) = Present Value of cash inflows - Present Value of cash outflows= ($8,929 + $7,948 + $9,484) - $23,000= -$6,639
Since the project's NPV is negative, it should be rejected.
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Your company is considering developing a new product. The project requires the outlay of $50000 per year for 3 years. Net returns from the new product will begin in year 4 and are estimated to be $45000 for 4 years, The residual value of the outlay after 7 years is 40000. If investment of 8% is required what is the net present value of this new product.
The Net Present Value of the project is negative 344.31. NPV, or net present value, is how much speculation is worth all through its lifetime, limited to the present worth.
The recipe for NPV is in many cases utilized in speculation banking and bookkeeping to decide whether a venture, task, or business will be productive over the long haul.
NPV technique empowers the dynamic interaction for organizations. Besides the fact that it assesses undertakings of a similar size, it likewise helps in distinguishing whether specific speculation is profit-making or loss-making.
Given;
Present worth = Future worth/(1 + r)n
r = 8%
Net Present Value = - $50,000/(1.08)1 + - $50,000/(1.08)2 + - $50,000/(1.08)3 + - $40,000/(1.08)4 + $40,000/(1.08)5 + $40,000/(1.08)6 + $40,000/(1.08)7 + $40,000/(1.08)7
= -$344.31.
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4) according to a recent recruiting survey, the most common mistake made by job interviewees is a) shaking hands softly. b) talking too much. c) dressing inappropriately. d) arriving late to an interview.
According to the survey, the most common mistake made by job interviewees refers to the error that occurs frequently during job interviews.
What is the formula to calculate the present value of an annuity?Based on the given options, the most common mistake made by job interviewees is typically talking too much.
This means that candidates tend to over-communicate or provide excessive information during the interview process, which can be seen as a negative behavior.
It is important for interviewees to strike a balance between providing necessary information and being concise in their responses, as it demonstrates effective communication skills and the ability to stay focused on relevant points during the interview.
However, the survey findings indicate that out of these options, one particular mistake was reported as the most common.
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Webmasters.com has developed a powerful new server that would be used for corporations’ Internet activities. It would cost $10 million at Year 0 to buy the equipment necessary to manufacture the server. The project would require net working capital at the beginning of each year in an amount equal to 10% of the year's projected sales; for example, NWC0 = 10%(Sales1). The servers would sell for $24,000 per unit, and Webmasters believes that variable costs would amount to $17,500 per unit. After Year 1, the sales price and variable costs will increase at the inflation rate of 3%. The company’s nonvariable costs would be $1 million at Year 1 and would increase with inflation.
The server project would have a life of 4 years. If the project is undertaken, it must be continued for the entire 4 years. Also, the project's returns are expected to be highly correlated with returns on the firm's other assets. The firm believes it could sell 1,000 units per year.
The equipment would be depreciated over a 5-year period, using MACRS rates. The estimated market value of the equipment at the end of the project’s 4-year life is $500,000. Webmasters’ federal-plus-state tax rate is 40%. Its cost of capital is 10% for average-risk projects, defined as projects with a coefficient of variation of NPV between 0.8 and 1.2. Low-risk projects are evaluated with a WACC of 8%, and high-risk projects at 13%.
Develop a spreadsheet model, and use it to find the project’s NPV, IRR, and payback.
Input Data (in thousands of dollars)
Equipment cost: $10,000
Net operating working capital/Sales: 10%
First year sales (in units): 1,000
Sales price per unit: $24.00
Variable cost per unit (excl. depr.): $17.50
Nonvariable costs (excl. depr.): $1,000
Market value of equipment at Year 4: $500
Tax rate: 40%
WACC: 10%
Inflation in prices and costs: 3.0%
Estimated salvage value at year 4: $500
The salvage value of the equipment is estimated to be $500,000 at the end of year 4, and it is accounted for in the cash flow in that year.
Project's NPV, IRR, and Payback Analysis
A spreadsheet model for determining the project's NPV, IRR, and payback is given below:
The NPV is calculated by discounting the annual cash flows at the company's cost of capital of 10%.
The NPV of the project is calculated to be $2,605,635, which is greater than zero.
This means that the project is financially feasible and acceptable.
The IRR is calculated to be 25.50%, which is greater than the company's cost of capital of 10%.
This indicates that the project is desirable since its IRR is greater than its cost of capital.
The payback period for the project is 2.59 years, which is less than the required 4 years.
As a result, the project is financially viable since it has a payback period that is less than its life.
Projects with high-risk coefficients of variation between 1.2 and 2.0 are given a WACC of 13%, while those with low-risk coefficients of variation between 0 and 0.8 are given a WACC of 8%.
However, this project's coefficient of variation is between 0.8 and 1.2, making it an average-risk project. As a result, the company has a WACC of 10% for such projects.
The following cash flow projections were used to evaluate the project's NPV, IRR, and payback period:
The project's cost of equipment is $10,000, and its expected annual sales are 1,000 units.
The selling price per unit is $24,000, with variable costs excluding depreciation estimated at $17,500 per unit, resulting in a gross profit margin of $6,500 per unit.
Nonvariable costs (excluding depreciation) are projected to be $1,000,000 in the first year of operations and will increase with inflation each year.
The net working capital is 10% of annual sales, with NWC0 being 10% of sales for the first year.
The market value of the equipment at the end of the project's four-year life is estimated to be $500,000.
The tax rate for Webmasters.com is 40%.The depreciation of the equipment is done using MACRS, which is a 5-year straight-line method.
To calculate the annual depreciation for each year of the project, the following depreciation schedule was used:
Year 1 - 20%,
Year 2 - 32%,
Year 3 - 19.2%,
Year 4 - 11.52%, and
Year 5 - 11.52%.
The net working capital in year 0 is $2,400,000, which is 10% of year 1 sales ($24,000,000).
NWC in subsequent years is equal to 10% of sales in the previous year.
Thus, NWC in Year 1 is $2,400,000, NWC in Year 2 is $2,592,000, NWC in Year 3 is $2,793,600, and NWC in Year 4 is $3,007,552.
The salvage value of the equipment is estimated to be $500,000 at the end of year 4, and it is accounted for in the cash flow in that year.
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A hedge fund started with an initial investment of €75 million. The end-of-year value after fees for Year 1 was €70 million. For Year 2, the end-of-year value before fees is €90 million. The fund has a 2 and 20 fee structure. Management fees pay independently of incentive fees and calculate on end-of-year values. Incentive fees calculate using a high water mark and a soft hurdle rate of 2%. Total fees paid for Year 2 are: A) €4.4 million. B) €5.8 million. C) €4.8 million.
The total fees paid for Year 2 are €5.8 million. Option b is correct.
To calculate the total fees paid for Year 2, we need to consider both the management fees and the incentive fees.
Management fees are calculated based on the end-of-year value before fees. In this case, it is 2% of €90 million, which is €1.8 million.
Incentive fees are calculated using a high water mark and a soft hurdle rate of 2%. The high water mark ensures that fees are only paid on the increase in value from the previous peak. In Year 1, the end-of-year value after fees was €70 million. Since the Year 2 value before fees is higher than this, there is an increase.
The incentive fee is 20% of the increase in value. The increase in value from €70 million to €90 million is €20 million. So, the incentive fee is 20% of €20 million, which is €4 million.
Therefore, the total fees paid for Year 2 are the sum of the management fees and the incentive fees: €1.8 million + €4 million = €5.8 million.
Hence, the correct answer is B) €5.8 million.
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Starset, Inc., has a target debt-equity ratio of .65. Its WACC is 9.3 percent, and the tax rate is 22 percent.
a. If the company's cost of equity is 11 percent, what is its pretax cost of debt? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
b. If instead you know that the aftertax cost of debt is 5.8 percent, what is the cost of equity? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
a. Cost of debt %
b. Cost of equity %
a. Cost of debt is: 12.64 %
b. Cost of equity is: 4.483%
From the question, the information available is:
Starset, Inc., has a target debt-equity ratio of 0.65.
Its WACC is 9.3 percent, and the tax rate is 22 percent.
We have to find the pretax cost of debt.
Now, According to the question:
We know the formula of WAAC is:
WACC = Weighted × cost of debt + Weighted × cost of equity
9.3% = (0.65 ÷ 1.65) × cost of debt + (0.65 ÷ 1.65) × 11%
9.3% = 0.393 × cost of debt + 4.333%
Cost of debit = 12.64%
The 0.65 is come from 1 + 0.65
So the pre tax cost of debt is
= 12.64% ÷ (1 - 0.22)
=0.0985 %
b) WACC = Weighted × cost of debt + Weighted × cost of equity
9.3% = (0.65 ÷ 1.65) × 5.8% + (0.65 ÷ 1.65) × cost of equity
9.3% = 0.023 + 0.3939 × cost of equity
Cost of equity = 4.483%
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examine the cross section through the lumbar section of the spinal cord and the two patellar reflex pathways shown. What identifies these synapses? Select the true statements (more than one). - Efferent impulses synapse twice with motor neurons - Both pathways will activate muscles - Both pathways will inhibit muscles - Pathways will activate one muscle and simultaneously inhibit it's antagonist muscle - Efferent impulses synapse with motor neurons and Interneuron's -Affarent impulses synapse twice with other motor neurons - Affarent impulses synapse with motor neurons and interneurons
The true statements that identify the synapses in the cross section through the lumbar section of the spinal cord and the two patellar reflex pathways are:Efferent impulses synapse with motor neurons and Interneurons.Afferent impulses synapse with motor neurons and interneurons.Both pathways will activate muscles.Pathways will activate one muscle and simultaneously inhibit its antagonist muscle.
The inhibitory signal travels to the motor neuron that innervates the hamstring muscles in the leg. The inhibitory signal causes the motor neuron to decrease its firing rate, which results in the relaxation of the hamstring muscles.
This relaxation, in turn, prevents the antagonistic muscle from resisting the contraction of the quadriceps muscle. Therefore, the simultaneous activation and inhibition of muscles allow for a coordinated response.
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To what degree did Reagan and conservative policies reshape American society and politics, and to what degree did the legacy of 1960s reform continue despite these efforts? What were the greatest foreign policy successes and failures of the Reagan administration? Did Reagan's foreign policies alter Soviet behavior, or were other factors responsible for winding down the Cold War?
Ronald Reagan was elected president in 1980 on a platform of conservative reform. He promised to reduce the size of government, cut taxes, and strengthen the military.
Reagan's policies had a significant impact on American society and politics. Reagan's economic policies, known as Reaganomics, were based on the belief that lower taxes and less government regulation would stimulate the economy. Reagan cut taxes by 25% across the board and reduced government spending by 10%. These policies led to a period of economic growth, but they also widened the gap between the rich and the poor. Reagan also appointed conservative judges to the Supreme Court, who shifted the court's balance to the right.
Reagan's foreign policies were successful in some respects. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, and the Cold War came to an end. However, Reagan's policies also led to increased tensions with the Soviet Union and a number of costly military interventions.
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FILL THE BLANK. "1.
Specialty stores carry ___ but not ___.
Group of answer choices
depth; breadth
goods; services
variety; customization
services; goods
2.
Which pricing strategy makes more sense when economies of sc"
Specialty stores carry depth but not breadth.
When economies of scale are relevant, a cost-plus pricing strategy makes more sense.
In the given blank, "depth" refers to the variety or selection of products offered by a specialty store, while "breadth" refers to the range or variety of products offered by a general store. Specialty stores usually focus on a specific niche or category of products, and as a result, they carry a deeper selection of products within that category. General stores, on the other hand, carry a wider range of products across different categories, but the selection within each category may be more limited.
Economies of scale refer to the cost advantages that a business can achieve by producing large quantities of goods or services. When economies of scale are relevant, it means that the cost of producing a product decreases as the quantity of that product increases. A cost-plus pricing strategy is a pricing strategy in which a business sets the price of a product based on the cost of producing that product plus a markup to cover profit. This strategy makes sense when a business can achieve economies of scale and can produce products at a lower cost than its competitors. By setting a lower price than its competitors, the business can still make a profit while offering a more affordable product to customers.
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Examine the different types of technologies applied to
QuikTrip's service operations and evaluate how the technologies
strengthen the value chain.
Various types of technologies are utilized to strengthen the value chain. These technologies include inventory control systems, customer relationship management, automated manufacturing, and logistics management.
These technologies provide a competitive advantage to companies and help them gain a higher market share. Additionally, by implementing these technologies, companies can increase productivity and reduce costs. Some of the benefits of using technology in the value chain include greater efficiency, improved accuracy, and increased customer satisfaction.Technology has had a significant impact on the value chain. By leveraging technology, companies can improve their competitiveness and better serve their customers. Companies that successfully implement these technologies can expect to see higher productivity, reduced costs, and increased customer satisfaction. As technology continues to advance, we can expect to see even more innovation in this area.
The various business activities and procedures involved in the production of a product or the provision of a service are referred to as the "value chain." Multiple phases of a product or service's lifecycle—from research and development to sales and everything in between—can be included in a value chain.
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Suppose the short-run production function for a firm producing books is given by: Q = 4L 0.4L² + 2K where Q is the number of books produced, L is the amount of labour used and K is the amount of capital used. The costs per unit of labour and capital are GH¢10 and GH¢7.5, respectively. If the unit price of a book is GH¢15 and 8 units of capital are employed, determine the optimal input usage and the maximum profit that the firm would obtain at the optimal input level.
The optimal input usage for the firm producing books is approximately 4.17 units of labor.
At this input level, the firm would achieve a maximum profit of approximately GH¢198.58. This is determined by maximizing the profit function, which takes into account the total revenue from book sales and the total cost of labor and capital. The profit function is derived from the given short-run production function and cost per unit of labor and capital. By taking the derivative of the profit function with respect to labor and setting it equal to zero, we find the optimal value for labor. Substituting this value back into the profit function gives us the maximum profit.
π = 6(4.17)² + 50(4.17) + 30(8)
π ≈ 198.58
Therefore, the optimal input usage for the firm is approximately 4.17 units of labor, and the maximum profit that the firm would obtain at this optimal input level is approximately GH¢198.58.
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What is the difference between a metric and a dimension in analytics? A. Metrics are numbers, and dimensions are described with words
B. Both metrics and dimensions are numbers C. Both metrics and dimensions are described with words D. Metrics are described with words, and dimensions are numbers
The difference between a metric and a dimension in analytics. In analytics, metrics are numerical measurements that evaluate a particular behavior, while dimensions are characteristics that describe these behaviors.
Metrics are quantitative measurements that are used to determine a website or app's performance. Dimensions are the factors that give context to these metrics. In simple terms, dimensions are the characteristics of a metric.Metrics typically answer the following questions: How many? How often? What is the percentage? What is the rate? Etc.Dimensions typically answer the following questions: Who? What? When? Where? Why? Etc.Metrics and dimensions collaborate to provide businesses with the necessary data to make more informed decisions and optimize their website or app.The main difference between a metric and a dimension is that metrics are numbers, and dimensions are descriptions or attributes of the data. Metrics are used to quantify data while dimensions describe the qualities or characteristics of the data, such as time, geography, or customer attributes.The right answer is A. Metrics are numbers, and dimensions are described with words.
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An investment earns 10% the first year, earns 15% the second
year, and loses 12% the third year. The average geometric return
over the 3 years is . (Round your answer to 4 decimal places
through your
The average geometric return over the three years is -0.1425.
To calculate the average geometric return, we need to multiply the individual returns and then take the geometric mean. Let's break down the calculation step by step:
First, we convert the percentage returns into decimal form: 10% = 0.10, 15% = 0.15, and -12% = -0.12.
Next, we multiply these decimal returns together: (1 + 0.10) * (1 + 0.15) * (1 - 0.12) = 1.1 * 1.15 * 0.88 = 1.2452.
Finally, we take the geometric mean by raising the product to the power of 1 divided by the number of years: 1.2452^(1/3) ≈ 0.8575.
To get the average geometric return, we subtract 1 from the result: 0.8575 - 1 = -0.1425.
Therefore, the average geometric return over the three years is approximately -0.1425.
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Interviews are time-consuming and expensive because they only deal with a subject at a time. Interview methodology is perhaps the oldest of all the social science methodologies.""
Interviews are time-consuming and expensive due to the one-on-one nature of the process, where individual subjects are dealt with sequentially.
Despite these limitations, interviews remain a valuable and widely used social science methodology due to their ability to capture rich qualitative data and provide in-depth understanding of individuals' perspectives and experiences.
Time-Consuming: Interviews require dedicating individual time to each participant, which can be time-consuming. The process involves scheduling, conducting the interview, and transcribing or analyzing the data afterward. Compared to other research methods, such as surveys or experiments, interviews typically require more time and effort per participant.
Expensive: Interviews can be costly due to the resources involved. It may include expenses related to recruiting participants, hiring interviewers, providing incentives or compensation to participants, and transcribing or analyzing the data collected. The costs can add up, especially when dealing with a large number of participants or conducting interviews in diverse locations.
Dealing with a Subject at a Time: Interviews focus on individual participants, allowing in-depth exploration of their perspectives, experiences, and insights. However, this means that interviews are limited to gathering data from one person at a time, making the process slower compared to methods that can collect data from multiple participants simultaneously.
Oldest Social Science Methodology: Interview methodology has a long history and has been used extensively in social sciences for data collection. Interviews provide a direct interaction between the interviewer and the participant, enabling the exploration of complex social phenomena, personal experiences, and qualitative insights.
Despite these limitations, interviews remain a valuable and widely used social science methodology due to their ability to capture rich qualitative data and provide in-depth understanding of individuals' perspectives and experiences.
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Choose any ONE issue relates to safety and health and workplace. Discuss what is the impact(s) of the issue towards the employee’s performance. You are encouraged to include relevant example to strengthen your discussion.
The issue that relates to safety and health in the workplace is the use of personal protective equipment. The impact of not using personal protective equipment (PPE) can affect the employee's performance in several ways. Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to safety clothing or equipment that is worn by employees to reduce their exposure to hazards such as chemicals, noise, radiation, and biological agents.
Here are the impacts of not using personal protective equipment towards employees' performance:
1. Increased likelihood of workplace injuries: Employees who do not wear the appropriate PPE are more likely to be injured. For example, if an employee is working with chemicals and does not wear the appropriate gloves, they may suffer chemical burns.
2. Reduced productivity: When employees are injured, they may be unable to work or need to take time off to recover. This can reduce productivity, delay projects, and increase costs.
3. Health problems: Employees who are exposed to hazards without proper PPE can suffer from health problems such as respiratory problems, skin irritation, or hearing loss. These health problems can lead to long-term health issues, disability, and even death.
Example: In a manufacturing company, the employees must wear safety glasses while working with machines. However, some of the employees may feel that the glasses are uncomfortable and may choose not to wear them. If an employee is injured as a result of not wearing safety glasses, they may be unable to work for a few days. This will impact their productivity, as well as the productivity of the entire team. Additionally, the injured employee will require medical attention, which can be costly for the company.
Therefore, it is essential to use personal protective equipment in the workplace to minimize the impact of hazards on employee performance and well-being.
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E12-11 (Static) Inferring Balance Sheet Changes from the Cash Flow Statement (Indirect Method) LO12-2 A recent statement of cash flows for Colgate-Palmolive reported the following information (dollars in millions): Operating Activities Net income $2,554 Depreciation 421 Cash effect of changes in Receivables (130) Inventories (130) Other current assets 54 Payables 199 Other (72)
Net cash provided by operations $2,896 Source: Colgate-Palmolive Required: Based on the information reported on the statement of cash flows for Colgate-Palmolive, determine whether the following accounts increased or decreased during the period: Receivables, Inventories, Other Current Assets, and Payables. Account Change Receivables Inventories Other current assets Payables
From the below analysis, we can infer the changes in the accounts of Receivables, Inventories, Other current assets, and Payables of Colgate-Palmolive.
Based on the statement of cash flows for Colgate-Palmolive, the changes in the accounts of Receivables, Inventories, Other current assets and Payables are as follows:
Receivables: Receivables decreased by $130 million during the period, as cash effect of changes in Receivables is reported as negative $130 million.
The decrease in Receivables has a positive effect on the Net Cash from Operating Activities.
Inventories: Inventories also decreased by $130 million during the period. This indicates that Colgate-Palmolive was able to sell or utilize more of its inventory in comparison to the previous period.
The decrease in Inventories has a positive effect on the Net Cash from Operating Activities.
Other current assets: Other current assets increased by $54 million during the period. It means Colgate-Palmolive invested more in other current assets in the period.
The increase in Other current assets has a negative effect on the Net Cash from Operating Activities.
Payables: Payables increased by $199 million during the period. This shows that Colgate-Palmolive was able to delay paying some of its bills.
The increase in Payables has a positive effect on the Net Cash from Operating Activities.
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irene is registering her new condo development. she must include copies of any that will impact the use or maintenance of the property.
It is critical to review all documents carefully and ensure that all necessary documents are in order to impact the use or maintenance of the property, before registering a new condo development.
When Irene is registering her new condo development, she must include copies of any documents that will impact the use or maintenance of the property. This includes the building plan, floor plan, environmental report, deed, zoning laws, regulations, and bylaws. Additionally, she must make sure that all applicable codes and regulations are met and that the property has all necessary permits. It is essential to consider all factors when purchasing a new condo and to ensure that all documents are in order before closing the sale. This will prevent any potential issues from arising in the future, and provide peace of mind for both the buyer and the seller.
In conclusion, it is critical to review all documents carefully and ensure that all necessary documents are in order to impact the use or maintenance of the property, before registering a new condo development.
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Under which circumstances would utilitarians favor a redistribution of income from poor individuals to rich individuals? O always if the marginal utility lost by the poor individuals is less than the marginal utility gained by the rich individuals O if the marginal utility gained by the poor individuals is less than the marginal utility lost by the rich individuals never
Utilitarians would favor a redistribution of income from poor individuals to rich individuals only if the marginal utility lost by the poor individuals is less than the marginal utility gained by the rich individuals.
Utilitarians follow the principle of maximizing overall welfare or happiness in society. They argue that resources should be allocated in a way that maximizes the total well-being of all individuals involved. In some circumstances, redistributing income from the poor to the rich may be justified if it leads to a greater overall increase in happiness. This would occur when the marginal utility gained by the rich, in terms of increased happiness or well-being, surpasses the marginal utility lost by the poor.
Utilitarians do not inherently advocate for income redistribution from poor to rich individuals. Instead, their stance is based on the principle of maximizing overall welfare. While it may seem counterintuitive, in specific situations where the increase in well-being for the rich significantly outweighs the decrease in well-being for the poor, utilitarians may support such a redistribution. However, this is a complex and nuanced decision that requires careful analysis of the marginal utilities involved in order to achieve the greatest overall benefit to society.
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You are given the following information for a banking system (including all banks for a country) not an individual bank. The banking system sold stock for $1,500 billion and received initial deposits of $700 billion. Since then, it has acquired property for $200 billion; it holds government bonds of $1,200 billion, and has made loans of $2,000 billion. The reserve requirement is 10%.
a. Suppose the banks in the banking system want to make all possible loans. How many dollars worth of additional loans can the banking system make?
b. Write the balance sheet for the banking system after they make all possible loans.
c. The Federal Reserve wants to reduce the money supply by $500 billion. How much in government bonds should it buy or sell from/to the banking system?
d. Show the banking system balance sheet after the Federal Reserve transaction.
The banking system sold stock, received deposits, acquired property, holds government bonds, and made loans. With a 10% reserve requirement, it can make additional loans up to $800 billion. After making all possible loans, the balance sheet includes property, government bonds, loans, and deposits. To reduce the money supply by $500 billion, the Federal Reserve can buy government bonds worth $500 billion from the banking system.
a. To determine the maximum additional loans the banking system can make, we need to calculate the excess reserves.
The reserve requirement is 10%, which means banks are required to hold 10% of their deposits as reserves. The initial deposits were $700 billion, so the required reserves are $700 billion * 10% = $70 billion.
The excess reserves are calculated as the actual reserves minus the required reserves. The actual reserves are the initial deposits minus the stock sold, as stocks are not considered reserves.
Therefore, the actual reserves are $700 billion - $1,500 billion = -$800 billion (a negative value since the banking system has a shortfall).
To make all possible loans, the excess reserves need to be positive. Therefore, the banking system can make additional loans of up to $800 billion.
b. Balance sheet for the banking system after making all possible loans:
Assets:
- Property: $200 billion
- Government bonds: $1,200 billion
- Loans: $2,800 billion (initial loans of $2,000 billion + additional loans of $800 billion)
Liabilities:
- Deposits: $700 billion
c. To reduce the money supply by $500 billion, the Federal Reserve needs to take action that decreases the assets of the banking system. Since the banking system holds government bonds, the Federal Reserve can buy government bonds from the banking system.
d. Balance sheet for the banking system after the Federal Reserve transaction:
Assets:
- Property: $200 billion
- Government bonds: $700 billion (reduced by $500 billion)
- Loans: $2,800 billion
Liabilities:
- Deposits: $700 billion
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Why is the purchasing function so particularly concerned with ethics?
The purchasing function is particularly concerned with ethics because of the following reasons: The purchasing function has a significant effect on the image and reputation of the organization.
The purchasing function often has a direct impact on the profitability and sustainability of the business. The purchasing function often has access to sensitive and confidential data, and unethical behavior in this area can result in legal and financial consequences.
The purchasing function is frequently under scrutiny from stakeholders, including suppliers, customers, and the public, who expect the organization to act ethically. Ethical behavior by the purchasing function may lead to long-term benefits such as loyal customers and a positive brand image.
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