Survey error refers to the deviation between the results obtained from a sample survey and the true population parameters.
The nature of survey error can vary depending on the mode of data collection employed. Different modes, such as face-to-face interviews, telephone surveys, web-based surveys, or self-administered paper surveys, have distinct characteristics that can introduce specific types of errors.
For instance, in face-to-face interviews, the presence of an interviewer can lead to response bias, where respondents may provide socially desirable or inaccurate answers. Non-response bias can also occur if certain individuals refuse to participate, leading to a sample that does not represent the population accurately.
Telephone surveys, on the other hand, may suffer from coverage bias, as they rely on phone directories or random-digit-dialing, excluding individuals without landlines or those who do not answer unknown numbers. Moreover, the absence of visual cues can result in misunderstandings or misinterpretations of questions, leading to measurement error.
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With relevant provisions from The Incorporated Private Partnership Act, 1962 (Act 152), explain the circumstance under which the court, will grant an order of an application by another partner for the termination of a partner in a firm. What is the legal effect of Incorporation? State the advantages and disadvantages of Incorporation "Directors" means those persons, by whatever name called, who are appointed to direct and administer the business of the company." Section 170(1) The Companies Act,2019. (Act 992). In the light of the above statement, briefly discuss any three (3) types of directors found in Ghanaian Companies.
Private partnerships in Ghana are created, run, and terminated in accordance with the Incorporated Private Partnership Act, 1962 (Act 152). In accordance with Section 26 of the Act, a partner in a business may petition the court to have another partner dismissed in the following situations: Mental incapacity or insanity, ongoing disability, willful or persistent violation
The Mole-Dagbani nations were the first known kingdoms to appear in contemporary Ghana. The 11th century saw the establishment of the Bono state in what is now Ghana.
Over the years, other kingdoms and empires, like the Ashanti Empire in the south and the accordance Kingdom of Dagbon in the north , rose to power. The Portuguese Empire first emerged in the fifteenth century.
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Barbara Fair is a licensed architect. During the first month of operation of her business, the following events and transactions occurred.
Apr. 1 Invested $45,000 cash.
1 Hired a secretary-receptionist at a salary of $500 per week payable monthly.
2 Paid office rent for the month $800.
3 Purchased architectural supplies on account from Dakin Company for $1,500.
10 Completed blueprints on a carport and billed client $1,800 for services performed.
11 Received $500 cash advance from D. Ellington for the design of a new home.
20 Received $1,500 cash for services completed and delivered to L. Leno.
30 Paid secretary-receptionist $2,000 for the month.
30 Paid $600 to Dakin Company for accounts payable due.
Barbara uses the following chart of accounts:
No. 101 Cash, No. 112 Accounts Receivable, No. 126 Supplies, No. 201 Accounts Payable, No. 209 Unearned Revenue, No. 301 B. Fair, Capital, No. 400 Service Revenue, No. 726 Salaries Expense, and No. 729 Rent Expense.
Required:
a. Journalize the transactions.
b. Post the journal entries to the ledger accounts.
c. Prepare a trial balance at April 30, 2021.
Here are the journal entries to record the transactions of Barbara Fair's business:1. April 1 - Invested $45,000 cash. Cash (+) 45,000 Fair, Capital (+) 45,0002. April 1 - Hired a secretary-receptionist at a salary of $500 per week payable monthly. Salaries Expense (+) 500 Cash (-) 5003.
Rent Expense (+) 800 Cash (-) 8004. April 3 - Purchased architectural supplies on account from Dakin Company for $1,500. Supplies (+) 1,500 Accounts Payable (+) 1,5005. April 10 - Completed blueprints on a carport and billed client $1,800 for services performed. Accounts Receivable (+) 1,800 Service Revenue (+) 1,8006. April 11 - Received $500 cash advance from D. Ellington for the design of a new home. Cash (+) 500 Unearned Revenue (+) 5007. April 20 - Received $1,500 cash for services completed and delivered to L. Leno. Cash (+) 1,500 Service Revenue (+) 1,5008.
April 30 - Paid secretary-receptionist $2,000 for the month. Salaries Expense (+) 2,000 Cash (-) 2,0009. April 30 - Paid $600 to Dakin Company for accounts payable due. Accounts Payable (-) 600 Cash (-) 600b. Post the journal entries to the ledger accounts: No. 101 CashDate Description Debit Credit Therefore, the balance of the ledger accounts are shown above and the trial balance prepared.
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When using a financial calculator to solve for the PV of an ordinary annuity, one should O a. clear the TVM function before entering the factors. b. set the calculator to PMT function. c. enter the interest rate first. d. set the calculator to default mode. O e. ensure the calculator is set to end mode. To find the present value (PV) of an ordinary annuity, a. the interest is compounded and then subtracted from the FV. X O b. each payment is divided by (1 + 1) O c. each payment is multiplied by (1+1)*. O d. the future value (FV) is divided by the interest rate. O e. the future value is divided by (1+1)*: The formula used to find the present value (PV) of a cash flow is O a. PV = FVN (1 + 1) N O b. pv = PVN (1 +1) N PV O C. PV = FVN (1) N O d. PV = FVN (1 + 1)(PV) N X e. PV FVN (1 + N)¹ = To determine the interest rate for an uneven cash flow stream on a financial calculator a. the future value (FV) is entered as the sum of all payments. X b. the investment is entered as a negative cash flow at Time 0 representing PV. c. the N key is used to make the final computation. O d. the cash flows are added and then averaged to find the value for PMT. e. the same process is used as to find the present value.
The correct answers and explanations are as follows: When using a financial calculator to solve for the PV of an ordinary annuity, one should: Answer: (a) clear the TVM function before entering the factors.
Explanation: Clearing the TVM (Time Value of Money) function ensures that any previous values or settings are reset, providing a clean slate to enter the new factors for the calculation.
To find the present value (PV) of an ordinary annuity: Answer: (b) each payment is divided by (1 + i)
Explanation: In an ordinary annuity, each payment is discounted by dividing it by (1 + i), where i represents the interest rate per period. This discounts the future cash flows back to their present value.
The formula used to find the present value (PV) of a cash flow is: Answer: (c) PV = FV / (1 + i)^N
Explanation: The formula for calculating the present value of a cash flow is PV = FV / (1 + i)^N, where FV represents the future value, i is the interest rate per period, and N is the number of periods. This formula discounts the future cash flow back to its present value.
To determine the interest rate for an uneven cash flow stream on a financial calculator: Answer: (b) the investment is entered as a negative cash flow at Time 0 representing PV.
Explanation: To find the interest rate for an uneven cash flow stream, the initial investment (PV) should be entered as a negative cash flow at Time 0, representing the outflow of funds. The calculator will then compute the interest rate that equates the present value of the cash flows to the initial investment.
Please note that the "X" in the provided options denotes the incorrect answer.
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Identify the phase of the core model of public policymaking described: A congressman introduces a bill to the U. S. House of Representatives that, if passed, would require colleges and universities receiving federal funds to establish health clinics on campus.
Implementaton
Legislation
Modification
Formulation
In the core model of public policymaking, the stage that involves a congressman presenting a bill to the United States is referred to as the legislative proposal stage.
The formulation phase of the policymaking process in the House of Representatives involves the development of a bill that, if approved, would mandate colleges and universities receiving federal funds to establish on-campus health clinics.
There are five distinct stages in the policymaking process, namely agenda-setting, formulation, adoption, implementation, and evaluation.
In the process of policymaking, there are five stages involved, namely agenda-setting, formulation, adoption, implementation, and evaluation.
The stage of the policymaking process that corresponds to the introduction of a bill is the formulation phase. During this phase, policymakers are responsible for developing the policy details.
They determine which approaches and resources to use to achieve the policy's objectives.
In other words, this phase is the stage of policymaking where the specific details of a policy are designed, and alternatives are analyzed.
A congressman introduces a bill to the U.S. A proposed legislation in the House of Representatives would mandate colleges and universities that receive federal funds to establish on-campus health clinics, if approved.
Therefore, the stage of the core model of public policymaking described is the formulation phase. During this stage, policymakers develop the details of a policy and its implementation strategies.
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Reuben has the option of receiving a loan of $9,875 for 14 years at an interest rate of either 4.61% compounded monthly or 4.61% compounded semi-annually.
a. What would be the accumulated value of the loan at the end of the term, if it was received at the interest rate of 4.61% compounded monthly?
b. What would be the accumulated value of the loan at the end of the term, if it was received at the interest rate of 4.61% compounded semi-annually?
c. How much more interest would Reuben have to pay if he chose the monthly compounding interest rate intead of the semi-annually compounding rate?
a. The accumulated value of the loan at the end of the term, if it was received at the interest rate of 4.61% compounded monthly is $18,984.24.
b. The accumulated value of the loan at the end of the term, if it was received at the interest rate of 4.61% compounded semi-annually is $18,587.07.
c. the difference in the interest paid by Reuben if he chose the monthly compounding interest rate instead of the semi-annually compounding rate is $989.36
a. Given, Principal amount = $9,875Interest rate = 4.61% compounded monthly Term of loan = 14 years
First, we need to calculate the total number of months for 14 years.14 years × 12 months/year = 168 months
Using the formula for the accumulated value of an ordinary annuity
,We know that, PMT = (PV × i) / [1 - (1 + i)-n]
Here,PV = 9,875i = (4.61/12)/100 = 0.0038425n = 168
Using the above formula, we can calculate the monthly payment.
Monthly payment = $67.74
Now we need to calculate the accumulated value of the loan at the end of the term using the following formula:
FV = PMT × [(1 + i)n - 1] / i= 67.74 × [(1 + 0.0038425)168 - 1] / 0.0038425= $18,984.24
Therefore, the accumulated value of the loan at the end of the term, if it was received at the interest rate of 4.61% compounded monthly, is $18,984.24.
b. The accumulated value of the loan at the end of the term, if it was received at the interest rate of 4.61% compounded semi-annually:
Given, Principal amount = $9,875
Interest rate = 4.61% compounded semi-annually
Term of loan = 14 years
First, we need to calculate the total number of semi-annual periods for 14 years.14 years × 2 periods/year = 28 periods
Using the formula for the accumulated value of an ordinary annuity
,We know that,
PMT = (PV × i) / [1 - (1 + i)-n]
Here ,PV = 9,875i = (4.61/2)/100 = 0.02305n = 28
Using the above formula, we can calculate the semi-annual payment.
Semi-annual payment = $364.84Now we need to calculate the accumulated value of the loan at the end of the term using the following formula:
FV = PMT × [(1 + i)n - 1] / i= 364.84 × [(1 + 0.02305)28 - 1] / 0.02305= $18,587.07
Therefore, the accumulated value of the loan at the end of the term, if it was received at the interest rate of 4.61% compounded semi-annually, is $18,587.07.
c. The difference between the interest paid by Reuben if he chose the monthly compounding interest rate instead of the semi-annually compounding rate would be the total interest paid minus the principal. The total interest paid for monthly compounding is found using the formula for the accumulated value of an ordinary annuity with n = 168, i = (4.61/12)/100 = 0.0038425, PV = 9875, and PMT = $67.74.
The total interest paid for semi-annual compounding is found using the formula for the accumulated value of an ordinary annuity with n = 28, i = (4.61/2)/100 = 0.02305, PV = 9875, and PMT = $364.84.
Total interest paid for monthly compounding = (PMT × n) - PV= (67.74 × 168) - 9875= $10,223.68Total interest paid for semi-annual compounding = (PMT × n) - PV= (364.84 × 28) - 9875= $9,234.32
Therefore, the difference in the interest paid by Reuben if he chose the monthly compounding interest rate instead of the semi-annually compounding rate is:$10,223.68 - $9,234.32 = $989.36
Thus, Reuben would have to pay an additional interest of $989.36 if he chose the monthly compounding interest rate instead of the semi-annually compounding rate.
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A fund is thinking changing their investment. They would like to restructure their equity allocation with equity-linked notes, as they would like to gain exposure to the upside performance of equities without putting their capital at risk. In making their decision the clients had considered changing the equity allocation with fixed income products, but they were concerned that the yield curve is flat and the yields of 2.5% are too low. They also believe that equities could potentially provide returns of 30% to 50% over the next 3 to 5 years respectively. The clients seek the advice of a bank as to the best way to gain exposure to equities without putting their capital at risk.
a. Assuming you work for the bank and under the above constraints, structure and discuss the details and workings of 3 structured notes that will provide the pension fund with exposure to equities without risking their capital. Support your answer with graphs and/or payoff formulas.
b. Which of these 3 solutions would you recommend and why? Take into account different elements, potential return, risk, etc.
a. As an employee of the bank, under the given constraints, here are three structured notes and their working details that can provide the pension fund with exposure to equities without risking their capital:
1. Capital Protected Note- This type of note allows the pension fund to gain exposure to the stock market while still protecting their capital. The note functions in such a way that the capital investment is protected, and if the market performs well, the investor receives a portion of the upside performance. However, if the market performs poorly, the capital investment is returned to the pension fund.
2. Principal Protected Note- A principal protected note is another type of structured note that can be used to gain exposure to equities without risking the capital of the pension fund. In this note, the principal investment is protected, and the investor receives a portion of the upside performance of the stock market. However, if the market performs poorly, the principal investment is returned to the pension fund.
3. Yield-enhanced Note-This type of note is designed to provide higher yields than traditional fixed-income products. It can be used to gain exposure to equities without risking the capital of the pension fund. In this note, the investor is given a fixed yield, but if the stock market performs well, they are also given additional returns.
b. Of the three solutions, the capital-protected note is the best option to recommend. The note offers the best of both worlds by providing exposure to equities while also protecting the pension fund's capital. This means that if the market performs well, the fund receives a portion of the upside performance, and if the market performs poorly, the capital investment is returned to the pension fund. This is the safest option to recommend because of the protection the fund receives.
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3. Under the UCC Secured Transactions Article, for a security
interest to attach, the
A. Debtor must agree to the creation of the security
interest.
B. Creditor must properly file a financing statemen
Under the UCC Secured Transactions Article, for a security interest to attach, the debtor must agree to the creation of the security interest. Therefore, the correct option is A.
A security interest is the interest that an owner has in personal property or an asset, to secure the fulfillment of a promise or a payment obligation. A secured transaction is any transaction, including a lease, in which the creditor receives a security interest in the personal property of the debtor, whether the transaction is intended as a security or not.
A security interest is a legal claim against property that enables a creditor to take possession of the property if a debtor fails to repay the loan. To attach the security interest, the debtor must agree to the creation of the security interest. That is, the debtor must consent to the creditor's interest in the collateral.
A debtor may also consent to a security interest after the transaction if the parties agree to it. In addition to the debtor's consent, the creditor must properly file a financing statement in order to perfect the security interest and protect it from third-party claims. Therefore, option B is not the correct answer.
Although the creditor may be in possession of the collateral, it is not necessary for a security interest to attach. Therefore, option D is incorrect. Finally, the debtor's title to the collateral is not relevant to the attachment of a security interest. The creditor may take a security interest in the collateral even if the debtor does not have title to it. Therefore, option C is also incorrect.
Hence, the correct answer is option A.
Note: The question is incomplete. The complete question probably is: Under the UCC Secured Transactions Article, for a security interest to attach, the A. Debtor must agree to the creation of the security interest. B. Creditor must properly file a financing statement. C. Debtor must have title to the collateral. D. Creditor must be in possession of part of the collateral.
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How is management using controls when they allow decision making at lower levels and encourage employees to work together in teams? Multiple Choice They are adapting to change and uncertainty They are discovering irregularities and errors. They are detecting opportunities and increasing innovation They are providing performance feedback
When management allows decision making at lower levels and encourages employees to work together in teams, they are implementing a control mechanism known as decentralized decision-making.
This approach empowers employees and teams to make decisions and take ownership of their work.By doing so, management is adapting to change and uncertainty because decision-making authority is distributed throughout the organization, enabling more agile responses to dynamic environments. It allows for quicker decision-making, as decisions can be made at the point of action without needing to go through multiple layers of hierarchy.
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Calculate the variance of return, given annual returns of: Year 1 6.6% Year 2 2.4% Year 3 -14.2% Year 4 5.6% Year 5 5.2% Round the answer to two decimals places.
The variance of 60.54% suggests that the returns are relatively volatile and have a wide range of fluctuations compared to the mean return.
The variance of return for the given annual returns can be calculated by following a few steps. First, we need to calculate the mean (average) return by summing up all the annual returns and dividing by the total number of returns (in this case, 5). The mean return is (6.6% + 2.4% - 14.2% + 5.6% + 5.2%) / 5 = 1.12%. Next, we calculate the squared difference between each individual return and the mean return. For Year 1, the squared difference is (6.6% - 1.12%)^2 = 28.62%, and we perform the same calculation for the remaining years. We then sum up all the squared differences and divide by the total number of returns to obtain the variance. The variance is the average squared difference, so (28.62% + 1.27% + 237.78% + 20.90% + 16.22%) / 5 = 60.54%. Therefore, the variance of return, rounded to two decimal places, is 60.54%.
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The time value of money concept can be applied in various situations and is a fundamental concept underlying other financial concepts.
Consider the following example of the application of this concept.
Ana is a divorce attorney who practices law in Dallas. She wants to join the American Divorce Lawyers Association (ADLA), a professional organization for divorce attorneys. The membership dues for the ADLA are $550 per year and must be paid at the beginning of each year. For instance, membership dues for the first year are paid today, and dues for the second year are payable one year from today. However, the ADLA also has an option for members to buy a lifetime membership today for $5,000 and never have to pay annual membership dues.
Obviously, the lifetime membership isn’t a good deal if you only remain a member for a couple of years, but if you remain a member for 40 years, it’s a great deal. Suppose that the appropriate annual interest rate is 7.5%.
What is the minimum number of years that Ana must remain a member of the ADLA so that the lifetime membership is cheaper (on a present value basis) than paying $550 in annual membership dues? (Note: Round your answer up to the nearest year.)
12 years
14 years
16 years
18 years
To determine the minimum number of years that Ana must remain a member of the ADLA.
For the lifetime membership to be cheaper on a present value basis, we need to compare the present value of paying $550 in annual membership dues for a certain number of years with the present value of purchasing the lifetime membership for $5,000. After evaluating the calculations, we find that Ana must remain a member of the ADLA for a minimum of 16 years for the lifetime membership to be cheaper on a present value basis. Therefore, the minimum number of years that Ana must remain a member is 16 years, which corresponds to the option C.
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WRITE DOWN THE THREE ELEMENTS OF EACH DIMENSION/VARIABLES
1. EFFICACY
2. CYNICISM
3. WORK LOAD
The three elements of each dimension/variables of efficacy, cynicism, and work load are:
1. Efficacy
Efficacy is the belief in one's own capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments.
The three elements of efficacy include:
Self-efficacy: This is a belief in oneself to accomplish a specific task or activity.Role efficacy: This is a belief in one's capacity to meet the demands of one's job or work role.Mission efficacy: This is a belief that one's job makes a positive contribution to the broader goals and values of society.2. Cynicism
Cynicism is defined as the general belief that others' motives are primarily selfish. The three elements of cynicism are:
Disrespect: This is a belief that others are insincere or untrustworthy.Distrust: This is a belief that others are generally selfish and exploitative.Disillusionment: This is a belief that others are generally apathetic or indifferent.3. Work Load
Workload is the total amount of work an individual is expected to perform, including both cognitive and physical demands.
The three elements of workload are:
Quantitative workload: This is the amount of work an individual is expected to perform.Qualitative workload: This is the complexity of the work an individual is expected to perform.Temporal workload: This is the time available to an individual to perform the work.Learn more about JD-R Model at:
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Galehouse Gas Stations Inc expects sales to increase from $1.690,000 to $1,890,000 next year. Galehouse believes that net assets (Assets - Liabilities will represent 65 percent of sales. His firm has an 11 percent return on sales and pays 35 percent of profits out as dividends a. What effect wil this growth have on funds? The cash balance Wil increase by b. If the avidend payout is only 15 percent, what effect will this grown have on funds The cas balance interesse 28710
The cash balance Will increase by $5,135. If the avid end payout is only 15 percent, what effect will this grown have on funds The cash balance interest = $46,715.
A. Increase in sales = 1890000-1690000
Increase in sales = $200,000
Assets buildup = 200000 × 65%
Assets buildup = $130,000...................eq1
Profit = 1890000 × 11%
Profit = $207,900.......................eq2
Dividends = 207900 × 35% =
Dividends = $72,765.....................eq3
Change in cash = (eq2 - eq1 - eq3)
Change in cash = (207900 - 130000 - 72765)
The cash balance will increase by = $5,135
B. Increase in sales = 1890000-1690000
Increase in sales = $200,000
Assets buildup = 1890000 - 1690000 x 65%
Assets buildup = $130,000...................eq1
Profit = 1890000×11%
Profit = $207,900.......................eq2
Dividends = 207900×15%
Dividends = $31,185.....................eq3
Change in cash = (eq2 - eq1 - eq3)
Change in cash = (207900-130000-31185)
The cash balance will increase by = $46,715
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Question 6 When should revenue or sales be recognized? O when a product or service is delivered O when the bill is paid O when a contract is signed O when the invoice is sent out 1 pts Which statement best supports the idea that finance is as much an art as a science? O There are legal ways to make the books look better than they otherwise would. O The company sold what it sold, spent what it spent, earned what it earned. O You can't always trust the numbers. O You have limited data and you come as close as possible to an accurate description of how well the company is performing. Given the following information, calculate the influence of a 5% savings in material costs on net income. Current net income: $5,000,000 COGS: $57,000,000 Other costs (non-COGS): $28,000,000 Materials cost: 80% of COGS O $2,720,000 O $7,850,000 O $7,280,000 O $5,000,000
Revenue refers to the income generated by a company through its primary operations, such as the sale of goods or services. Revenue recognition is the process of determining when and how to recognize revenue in the financial statements. Revenue should generally be recognized when it is earned and realized or realizable.
Here are some points given below:
1. Revenue or sales should generally be recognized when a product or service is delivered. This is in line with the accrual accounting principle, which recognizes revenue when it is earned, regardless of when the payment is received.
2. The statement that best supports the idea that finance is as much an art as a science is: "You can't always trust the numbers." Finance involves interpretation, analysis, and judgment, which can be subjective at times. While there are rules and principles to guide financial reporting, there can still be variations and different interpretations of financial data.
3. To calculate the influence of a 5% savings in material costs on net income, we need to determine the current material costs and then calculate the impact of the savings.
Current material costs (80% of COGS) = 0.8 * $57,000,000 = $45,600,000
5% savings in material costs = 0.05 * $45,600,000 = $2,280,000
The influence of a 5% savings in material costs on net income would be $2,280,000.
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What is the future worth of $8,000 deposited at the end of each year for five years at 11.75% compounded annually?
The future worth of $8,000 deposited at the end of each year for five years at 11.75% compounded annually is $40,571.44.
The formula for calculating the future worth of an annuity is:
FV = PV * (1 + r)^n
Where:
FV = future value
PV = present value
r = interest rate
n = number of years
In this case, the present value is $8,000, the interest rate is 11.75%, and the number of years is 5. Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
FV = $8,000 * (1 + 0.1175)^5 = $40,571.44
This means that if you deposit $8,000 at the end of each year for five years at 11.75% compounded annually, your account will have a balance of $40,571.44 at the end of the five years.
In more detail, the future value of an annuity is calculated by taking the present value and multiplying it by a series of factors that represent the growth of the money over time. The interest rate is used to calculate the growth of the money each year, and the number of years is used to determine how many times the money grows. In this case, the money grows by 11.75% each year for five years, so the future value is $40,571.44.
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If government reduces expenditure by $ 35 billion in an economy where MPC = 6/10. Knowing that there is a multiplier effect but no crowding out,
a. what happens to the aggregate demand?
b. Calculate this change in aggregate demand. (show formulas, calculations and workouts, just adding a final answer is not acceptable)
Reduction in expenditure by the government in an economy where MPC = 6/10, without any crowding out, leads to a decrease in aggregate demand by $210 billion.
In this case, the MPC (Marginal Propensity to Consume) = 6/10. MPC refers to the increase in consumer spending when disposable income increases by $1. The marginal propensity to save (MPS) refers to the increase in household savings when disposable income increases by $1. The spending multiplier formula is expressed as follows: Spending Multiplier = 1 / (1 - MPC) Here, MPC = 6/10, the multiplier will be:1 / (1 - 6/10) = 2.5Thus, the multiplier for the given economy is 2.5. We can use the following formula to calculate the change in aggregate demand: Change in Aggregate Demand = Initial Change in Spending × Spending Multiplier We know that the government reduces expenditure by $35 billion. The change in aggregate demand will be Change in Aggregate Demand = -$35 billion × 2.5Change in Aggregate Demand = -$87.5 billion Thus, the decrease in aggregate demand in this economy will be $87.5 billion.
An economy is an arrangement of between related creation and utilization exercises that at last decide the distribution of assets inside a gathering. The production and consumption of goods and services as a whole satisfy the requirements of its inhabitants and businesses.
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Sigma Corporation applies overhead cost to jobs on the basis of direct labor cost. Job V, which was started and completed during the current period, shows charges of $5,400 for direct materials, $8,900 for direct labor, and $6,586 for overhead on its job cost sheet. Job W, which is still in process at year-end, shows charges of $3,400 for direct materials and $4,500 for direct labor.
Required:
1a. Should any overhead cost be applied to Job W at year-end?
1b. How much overhead cost should be applied to Job W?
2. How will the costs included in Job W’s job cost sheet be reported within Sigma Corporation’s financial statements at the end of the year?
1a. Yes, overhead cost should be applied to Job W at year-end.
1b. An overhead cost of $3,326.50 should be applied to Job W
2. The costs included in Job W’s job cost sheet should first be reported in work-in -progress inventory, then finished goods and ultimately to Cost of Goods Sold account after the sale.
1a) Yes, some overhead costs should be applied to Job W at year-end.
1b) The overhead cost that should be applied to Job W is given below:
Overhead rate= Overhead costs/ Direct labor cost
Overhead rate = $6,586 / $8,900 = 0.739 (rounded off to three decimal places)
Overhead cost for Job W = Overhead rate × Direct labor cost for Job W
Overhead cost for Job W = 0.739 × $4,500 = $3,326.50 (rounded off to two decimal places)
2) The costs included in Job W's job cost sheet will be reported in the following manner in Sigma Corporation's financial statements at the end of the year:
In Sigma Corporation's financial statements, the costs included in Job W's job cost sheet will be included in the Work-in-Progress inventory account as they are yet to be completed.
When the job is completed, these costs will be transferred to the Finished Goods inventory account.
When the finished goods are sold, the costs will be transferred to the Cost of Goods Sold account in the income statement.
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Given the following information about a merger: KLUI Company GHFD Company Total earnings $150 000 $300 000 Shares outstanding 30 000 30 000 Per share values: Market $10 $20 Book $12 $15 KLUI will offer a cash deal for all outstanding GHFD common shares that includes a $5 per share premium. Let us assume neither entity holds any debt before or after the merger. Calculate the total value of goodwill that will appear on the post merger balance sheet
Goodwill is an intangible asset that represents the value of a company's reputation, brand, etc. It is the difference between the purchase price of a company and the fair value of its identifiable net assets.
In this merger scenario, KLUI Company is offering a cash deal for all outstanding GHFD common shares, including a $5 per share premium. The market value per share for KLUI is $10, and for GHFD is $20. The book value per share for KLUI is $12, and for GHFD is $15.
To calculate the goodwill, we need to determine the excess purchase price paid by KLUI over the fair value of GHFD's net assets. The fair value of GHFD's net assets can be calculated as the total earnings multiplied by the market value per share:
Fair value of GHFD's net assets = Total earnings * Market value per share = $300,000 * $20 = $6,000,000
The purchase price paid by KLUI for GHFD's shares is the market value per share plus the $5 premium:
Purchase price per share = Market value per share + Premium = $20 + $5 = $25
The excess purchase price over the fair value of net assets is:
Excess purchase price = Purchase price per share - Fair value per share = $25 - $20 = $5
Finally, we multiply the excess purchase price by the number of shares outstanding to calculate the total goodwill:
Total goodwill = Excess purchase price * Shares outstanding = $5 * 30,000 = $150,000
Therefore, the total value of goodwill that will appear on the post-merger balance sheet is $150,000.
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The price of a stock, which pays no dividends, is $30 and the strike price of a one-year European call option on the stock is $25. The risk-free rate is 4% (continuously compounded). Which of the following is a lower bound for the option such that there are arbitrage opportunities if the price is below the lo wer bound and no arbitrage opportunities if it is above the lower bound? A. $5.00 B. $5.98 C. $4.98 D. $3.98 E. $2.98
The lower bound for the call option with no dividends is given as $5.98. The arbitrage opportunities lie below the lower bound and there are no arbitrage opportunities if it is above the lower bound. Therefore, the correct answer is option B.
The stock price is $30 and the strike price for the one-year European call option on the stock is $25. The risk-free rate is 4% continuously compounded.To calculate the lower bound for the call option, we can use the put-call parity equation which relates the prices of a call option and a put option with the same strike price and expiration date as given below:C + PV(K) = P + Swhere C is the price of the call option, P is the price of the put option, S is the stock price, K is the strike price, and PV(K) is the present value of the strike price, which is given as PV(K) = K e^(-rT). Here, r is the risk-free rate and T is the time to expiration.In the given question, the option is a European call option on a stock that pays no dividends. Therefore, the present value of the strike price is given as:PV(K) = K e^(-rT) = 25 e^(-0.04 × 1) = $24.029Using the put-call parity equation, we can calculate the price of the put option as:P = C + PV(K) - S = C + $24.029 - $30 = C - $5.971The lower bound for the call option occurs when the price of the put option is zero. This is because if the put option price is negative, the lower bound will also be negative which is not possible. Therefore, we set P = 0 and solve for C as follows:0 = C - $5.971C = $5.971Since the lower bound for the call option is $5.971, the nearest option price given in the options is $5.98.
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Which of the following may show a loss in the Short run but not the long run? Monnopoly none of them Olygopoly Monopolistic Competition A firm is contemplating purchase of a new milling machine to be used in manufacturing. Both machines perform the same function, but machine B costs 50% more that Machine A, and will last twice as long. Assume either machine would be financed over the same time period. If the firm purchases Machine B instead of A... It will have no impact on the firm's profitability its short run profits would be higher O its long run profits would be higher its long run profits would be lower
If the firm purchases Machine B instead of Machine A, its short-run profits would be higher.
In the short run, the firm's decision to purchase Machine B instead of Machine A would result in higher initial costs since Machine B is 50% more expensive. However, Machine B is expected to last twice as long as Machine A. This means that the firm can benefit from the higher productivity and lower maintenance costs of Machine B over its extended lifespan.
As a result, in the short run, the firm's profits would be higher with Machine B compared to Machine A. Despite the initial higher cost, the increased productivity and cost savings over time would offset the initial investment and contribute to higher short-run profits.
It is important to note that the provided information does not specify the impact on long-run profits. Factors such as market conditions, competition, and future changes in costs and demand would influence long-run profitability. Therefore, based on the given information, we cannot conclude whether the firm's long-run profits would be higher or lower with the purchase of Machine B instead of Machine A.
If the firm purchases Machine B instead of Machine A, it would have no impact on the firm's profitability in the long run, but its short-run profits would be higher due to the expected productivity and cost advantages of Machine B over its extended lifespan.
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Below is an extract of information from the balance sheet of a commercial Dank. ASSETS LIABILITIES Reserves 250 Deposits 1750 Loans 1500 The required reserve ratio is 20 percent. (a) How much is the bank required to hold as reserves? (5 Marks) hi (b) Calculate the bank excess reserves. (5 Marks) (c) By how much can the bank increase its loans? (5 Marks) (d) Suppose a depositor comes to the bank and withdraws Ksh. 100 in cash i. Show the bank's new balance sheet, assuming the bank obtai cash by drawing down its reserves. (3 Marks) II. Does the bank now hold excess reserves? (1 Mark) iii. Is the bank meeting the required reserve ratio?
a. Bank is required to hold
cash
. 350 as reserves b. The bank has negative excess reserves of cash. 100 c. The bank can increase its loans by the amount of its excess reserves. d. The bank's reserves have decreased from cash. 250 to cash. 150.
(a) The bank is required to hold reserves equal to 20
percent
of its deposits. Given that the deposits are cash. 1750, the required reserves would be:
Required Reserves = 20% * Deposits
Required Reserves = 20% * cash. 1750
Required Reserves = cash. 350
Therefore, the bank is required to hold cash. 350 as reserves.
(b) Excess Reserves can be calculated as the difference between the actual reserves held by the bank and the required
reserves.
In this case:
Excess Reserves = Actual Reserves - Required Reserves
Excess Reserves = cash. 250 - cash. 350
Excess Reserves = -cash. 100
The bank has negative excess reserves of cash. 100, indicating that it does not have enough reserves to meet the required amount.
(c) The bank can increase its loans by the amount of its excess reserves. Since the bank has negative excess reserves of cash. 100, it cannot increase its
loans
at this point.
(d) i. After a depositor withdraws cash. 100 in cash, the bank's new balance sheet would be:
ASSETS LIABILITIES
Reserves 150 Deposits 1650
Loans 1500
The bank's reserves have decreased from cash. 250 to cash. 150.
ii. The bank does not hold excess reserves because its reserves are equal to the required reserves. Excess reserves occur when the actual reserves held are greater than the required reserves.
iii. To determine if the bank is meeting the required reserve ratio, we need to calculate the new required reserves based on the new deposit amount:
New Required Reserves = 20% * New Deposits
New Required Reserves = 20% * cash. 1650
New Required Reserves = cash. 330
Comparing the new required reserves of cash. 330 with the bank's reserves of cash. 150, we can conclude that the bank is not meeting the required reserve ratio. It falls short by Ksh. 180.
Therefore,
(a) The bank is required to hold cash . 350 as reserves.
(b) The bank has negative excess reserves of cash. 100.
(c) The bank cannot increase its loans due to negative excess reserves.
(d) i. The bank's new
balance sheet
: Reserves = cash. 150, Deposits = cash. 1650, Loans = cash. 1500.
ii. The bank does not hold excess reserves.
iii. The bank is not meeting the required reserve ratio and falls short by cash. 180.
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1. List three separate motivations for shopping, and give an
example of each.
2. What is the difference between unplanned buying and impulse
buying?
The three separate motivations for shopping are functional, experiential, and symbolic. Functional shopping is driven by practical needs, experiential shopping focuses on the enjoyment and pleasure of the shopping experience, and symbolic shopping is motivated by social and self-expression purposes.
Unplanned buying refers to purchases made without prior intention or planning, whereas impulse buying refers to sudden, spontaneous purchases made in response to a strong urge or impulse.
The motivations for shopping can vary among individuals and situations. Functional shopping is motivated by practical needs, such as buying groceries, household items, or clothing for everyday use. For example, someone may go to the store to buy groceries to fulfill their basic food requirements. Experiential shopping is driven by the enjoyment and pleasure derived from the shopping experience itself. An example of experiential shopping could be visiting a high-end boutique to explore the latest fashion trends and trying on different outfits without necessarily having a specific purchase in mind. Symbolic shopping is motivated by social and self-expression purposes, where individuals use shopping to communicate their identity, status, or belongingness. For instance, buying a luxury brand item to showcase one's wealth and social status.
Unplanned buying refers to purchases made without prior intention or planning. It occurs when consumers come across a product or offer that they did not specifically plan to buy but find it appealing or useful at that moment. It can be influenced by factors like product displays, promotions, or unexpected discounts. On the other hand, impulse buying refers to sudden and spontaneous purchases made in response to a strong urge or impulse. It is characterized by an immediate desire or emotional impulse to acquire a product, often driven by factors like personal mood, emotions, or the influence of the shopping environment. Unlike unplanned buying, impulse buying is driven by the consumer's immediate emotional response rather than an opportunity that arises during the shopping process. Both unplanned buying and impulse buying are spontaneous in nature but differ in terms of the underlying motivations and triggers.
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The adjusted account balances of the Ivanhoe Center at July 31
are as follows:
Prepare the end of the period closing entries for the Ivanhoe
Center. (Credit account titles are automatically
indented w
The adjusted account balances of the Ivanhoe Center at July 31 are as follows: Accounts Cash Accounts Receivable Supplies Prepaid Insurance Buildings Accumulated depreciation-Buildings Accounts Payabl
The end of the period closing entries for the Ivanhoe Center at July 31 would involve transferring the temporary account balances to the permanent accounts.
How can prepare the closing entries for the Ivanhoe Center at July 31?In order to prepare the closing entries, we need to understand the purpose behind them. Closing entries are made at the end of an accounting period to reset the temporary accounts (such as revenue, expenses, and dividends) to zero, and transfer their balances to the retained earnings account. This process ensures that the next accounting period starts with accurate balances.
To begin with, we would close the revenue accounts by debiting them and crediting the income summary account. Next, we would close the expense accounts by debiting the income summary account and crediting the respective expense accounts. After that, we would close the income summary account by transferring its balance to the retained earnings account.
In the case of the Ivanhoe Center, the account balances provided indicate a list of asset and liability accounts, but not the temporary accounts necessary for closing entries. Without information on revenue, expenses, and dividends, it is not possible to provide specific closing entries for this scenario. However, the general process described above can be followed once the relevant temporary accounts are known.
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The market interest rate goes down by one percent across all maturities. Which of the following bonds' prices decreases by the most? O A. 30-year 5% coupon bond B. 1-year Treasury Bill O C. 30-year 15% coupon bond OD. None of the above The market interest rate goes down by one percent across all maturities. Which of the following bonds' prices increases by the most? A. 30-year 5% coupon bond B. 1-year Treasury Bill C. 30-year 15% coupon bond D. None of the above
The bond whose price decreases the most is the 30-year 5% coupon bond.
The bond whose price increases the most is the 1-year Treasury Bill.
When the market interest rate goes down by one percent across all maturities, the bond with the lowest coupon rate experiences the most significant price change. The 30-year 5% coupon bond's price decreases the most because it has the longest maturity and the lowest coupon rate, causing its duration to be the highest of the bonds given. As a result, even a tiny change in interest rates will have a significant impact on the bond's price. The price of bonds is inversely related to interest rates, therefore the lower the interest rate, the higher the price. As a result, the 1-year Treasury Bill will experience the greatest price increase because it has the shortest maturity and the lowest coupon rate, resulting in the smallest duration of the bonds listed. Thus, the correct answer is:
The bond whose price decreases the most is the 30-year 5% coupon bond.The bond whose price increases the most is the 1-year Treasury Bill.
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Which of the following best conveys the primary purpose of any
performance measurement/metric? Question 4 options: 1)
Communication 2) Control 3) Feedback 4) Evaluation
The correct option is (4). The primary purpose of any performance measurement/metric is evaluation.
Evaluation is the process of assessing the performance or effectiveness of something based on predetermined criteria or standards. In the context of performance measurement/metrics, evaluation plays a crucial role in determining the success or failure of a particular endeavor or activity. It involves comparing the actual performance against desired goals or targets and making judgments about the quality, efficiency, and effectiveness of the performance.
Performance measurement/metrics provide data and information that enable organizations to evaluate their performance in various areas, such as productivity, profitability, customer satisfaction, and operational efficiency. Through evaluation, organizations can identify areas of improvement, recognize strengths and weaknesses, and make informed decisions to enhance performance and achieve desired outcomes.
While communication, control, and feedback are also important aspects of performance measurement/metrics, they serve as supporting elements in the overall evaluation process. Communication helps in conveying performance information to relevant stakeholders, control ensures that performance remains within desired parameters, and feedback provides valuable information for learning and improvement.
However, the ultimate purpose of performance measurement/metrics is to evaluate performance and gauge progress towards organizational goals and objectives.
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Question 1 (80 Points): Two months ago, you were selected to become the new Manager of Quality for Microelectronics, a manufacturer of test and measurement equipment with $1 billion in annual sales revenue. Over the past 5 years, the company has seen close to 100% growth, which has also resulted in 15% higher defects, 10% greater customer complaints, and 18% higher quality related costs. Obligations: Simply stated, your obligation is to address the concerns by developing a short- term and long-term quality improvement plan for Microelectronics. Inc. Prepare a short-term and long term action plan with clear goals, measures, and time lines to satisfy the obligation assigned to you. Make sure you incorporate and reference a minimum of 8 TQM and LEAN learnings that you have obtained from this course.
Short term and long term action plan with clear goals, measures, and time lines are as follows:
Short term action plan:
Short term plan (6 months):The first 6 months of the plan should focus on stabilizing the process by creating a strong foundation for continuous improvement.
The following steps should be taken:Getting every member of the team on board with the idea of continuous improvement. Managers should set the tone by encouraging and supporting the team.
Each individual should be trained in problem-solving techniques. The company's problem-solving process should be streamlined. Measurements should be established to track progress in quality improvements.
Each team member should identify ways to make their own job more efficient. This can lead to company-wide savings.5S will be used to increase efficiency by removing unnecessary equipment from the work area, which will decrease clutter and make room for useful equipment.
OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness) will be used to increase efficiency by identifying and reducing bottlenecks.
Long term action plan:
Long term plan (1 year): The company will shift its focus to root cause analysis in the following months. The company will continue to stabilize the process and expand its problem-solving efforts. The following are the steps that will be taken: Root cause analysis should be performed for all of the problems that have been identified.
Each team member should participate in the root cause analysis process. All data will be collected and analyzed to identify the underlying causes of each problem. The company should make changes based on the data to address the root causes of the problems.
Increase in profits should be tracked to measure the effectiveness of the changes. A continuous improvement process will be implemented to ensure that improvements are sustained. A new problem should be identified and addressed on a regular basis. The use of TQM and LEAN learning will aid in the development of these plans.
The use of TQM will aid in the analysis of customer complaints, while the use of LEAN will help to eliminate waste and improve efficiency.
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The _____ person may be good at expressing themselves. However, although they can say no to responsibility to reduce stress levels, ultimately, they care little for others and often bully to ensure they get what they want. a. Aggressive O b. Passive Aggressive O c. Passive O d. Assertive
The person who is good at expressing themselves but cares little for others and often bullies to get what they want is an aggressive person. Therefore, option A: Aggressive is the correct option. What is aggression? Aggression can be defined as verbal or physical behavior that is intended to harm another person physically or emotionally.
It can be expressed in a variety of ways, including verbal aggression (yelling, name-calling, insults), physical aggression (hitting, pushing, biting), or passive aggression (ignoring, stonewalling, withholding). Individuals who demonstrate aggressive behavior typically put their interests ahead of others' interests and do not mind hurting others in the process.
Aggressive individuals have the following characteristics: They can speak up for themselves in a confident manner. They are willing to take responsibility and tackle difficult problems head-on. credentials include degrees, publications, experience, professional memberships, and other indicators that an individual has expertise in a particular field, as well as established methods of research and publication. Explanation: Research credentials provide a glimpse into the level of expertise and knowledge that an individual has in a particular area of research. By reviewing a researcher's credentials, you may determine whether or not they are knowledgeable enough to conduct a research study on a given topic. They are not afraid to fight for what they believe in. They are more likely to be proactive rather than reactive.
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1a. The Nelson Company has $1,274,000 in current assets and $490,000 in current liabilities. Its initial inventory level is $345,000, and it will raise funds as additional notes payable and use them to increase inventory. How much can Nelson's short-term debt (notes payable) increase without pushing its current ratio below 2.0? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest dollar.
1b. What will be the firm's quick ratio after Nelson has raised the maximum amount of short-term funds? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to two decimal places.
The current ratio is 2.60, which is already higher than the preferred limit of 2.0.
The firm's quick ratio would be 1.89 once Nelson has raised the maximum amount of short-term money, which in this case is zero.
To determine how much Nelson Company's short-term debt (notes payable) can increase without pushing its current ratio below 2.0, we need to calculate the current ratio and then find the maximum allowable increase in notes payable.
1a. Calculating the current ratio:
Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities
Given:
Current Assets = $1,274,000
Current Liabilities = $490,000
Current Ratio = $1,274,000 / $490,000
Current Ratio = 2.60
The current ratio is 2.60, which is already above the desired threshold of 2.0.
To find the maximum allowable increase in notes payable, we need to determine the amount by which inventory can increase while still maintaining the current ratio at 2.0.
Current Assets = Inventory + Other Current Assets
$1,274,000 = $345,000 + Other Current Assets
Other Current Assets = $1,274,000 - $345,000
Other Current Assets = $929,000
Current Ratio = (Inventory + Other Current Assets) / Current Liabilities
2.0 = ($345,000 + $929,000) / $490,000
2.0 * $490,000 = $345,000 + $929,000
$980,000 = $345,000 + $929,000
$980,000 - $345,000 = $929,000
$635,000 = $929,000
$635,000 - $929,000 = $-294,000
Therefore, the maximum allowable increase in notes payable without pushing the current ratio below 2.0 is -$294,000. This means that Nelson Company does not need to increase its short-term debt as its current ratio is already above 2.0.
1b. The quick ratio, also known as the acid-test ratio, is a more stringent measure of a company's liquidity than the current ratio. It excludes inventory from current assets since inventory may not be easily converted to cash in the short term.
Quick Ratio = (Current Assets - Inventory) / Current Liabilities
Given:
Current Assets = $1,274,000
Inventory = $345,000
Current Liabilities = $490,000
Quick Ratio = ($1,274,000 - $345,000) / $490,000
Quick Ratio = $929,000 / $490,000
Quick Ratio = 1.89 (rounded to two decimal places)
Therefore, after Nelson has raised the maximum amount of short-term funds (which is zero in this case), the firm's quick ratio would be 1.89.
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1-define the organizational behavior and talk about it
2-define the knowledge management
Organizational behavior studies the behavior of people in an organizational setting, while Knowledge management is the process of capturing, sharing, and using knowledge to improve organizational performance.
1. Organizational behavior can be defined as the study of how people interact within organizations. It includes the study of how people behave individually and as groups within organizations, how they communicate with each other, how they are motivated, how they make decisions, and how they adapt to changes in their environment.Organizational behavior is an interdisciplinary field that draws on concepts and theories from psychology, sociology, anthropology, and management to understand and improve organizational effectiveness.
2. Knowledge management can be defined as the process of capturing, sharing, and using knowledge to improve organizational performance. Knowledge management involves identifying and collecting knowledge from employees, customers, and other stakeholders, organizing and storing that knowledge in a way that makes it easily accessible, and using that knowledge to solve problems, make decisions, and create new products and services.Knowledge management is important because it helps organizations leverage their knowledge assets to achieve their goals.
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Roger Dist. has an annual demand of a
metal detector for airport of 1650 units.
The regular cost of a detector for Wang is $445.
The cost of storage is estimated at 20% of the
unit cost and the cost of placing each order is
$25. If Mr. Roger, the owner, orders quantities
of 300 or more, the cost of a detector will be $371.
Roger Distr. has a year of 250 business days. When a new detector order is made, the
supplier takes 6 days to deliver it.
1. After validating the number of detectors that are should do on each order at discount price,
What would be the adjusted amount? (If you don't have to adjust it, write the optimal quantity to order)
2. What is the total annual cost of administering the inventory if purchased at regular price?
3. What is the total annual cost of administering the inventory if purchased at a discount price?
Economic order quantity (EOQ) is the formula used to determine how much to order at one time. Mr. Roger should order 89 units to get the detector at the discount price.
The formula for EOQ is given by: EOQ = √2DS / H
Where: D = annual demand for the product
S = cost to place an order
H = carrying cost per unit per year
For Mr. Roger to be eligible for a discount price, he needs to order at least 300 units:
Q = 300 units At discount price, a unit of detector costs $371.
Let us now calculate the economic order quantity: EOQ = √(2 × 1650 × 25) / (0.2 × 371)= 89 units
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"Unethical digital ads are those that guarantee or promise something for the consumer but end up being misleading or deceptive". 1. Some people say that even uninformative advertising is beneficial to consumers and the economy. Evaluate this argument.(15 Marks) 2. Why is advertising to children particularly troubling to ethicists? (10 Marks)
Some people say that even uninformative advertising is beneficial to consumers and the economy. Evaluate this argument.Advertising in general has both negative and positive effects.
While some argue that uninformative advertising has some benefits to the consumers and economy, it is largely unethical. Ethical advertising practices strive to be honest and accurate in their descriptions of a product or service.
However, uninformative advertising is misleading and deceptive, and this could lead to the consumer making uninformed decisions. For example, an uninformative ad about a medication may cause someone to use the drug inappropriately or cause adverse effects to their health.
Moreover, uninformative advertising is often created to sell products that do not meet the expected standard of the consumer, and this leads to consumer dissatisfaction, making them lose confidence in the product and the company that sells it. In this sense, uninformative advertising is not only unethical, but it is also harmful to consumers and the economy.
2. Advertising to children is a controversial topic. Ethicists argue that it is not only a deceptive and misleading practice, but it also affects children's psychological well-being. Children are vulnerable and easily influenced, and advertising to them can have negative impacts on their cognitive development and their mental health.
Advertisers often use unethical methods, such as exaggeration, deception, and psychological manipulation, to appeal to children. For example, advertisers may create characters or themes that appeal to children, making it difficult for them to distinguish between entertainment and advertising. This practice is troubling to ethicists because it can lead to consumerism, which can be harmful to children's mental health and can also encourage negative values such as materialism and greed.In conclusion, uninformative advertising is not beneficial to consumers and the economy, and advertising to children is an unethical practice that should be avoided. Advertisers should adopt ethical advertising practices that are transparent, honest, and accurate, with a particular focus on the impact of their adverts on vulnerable groups like children.
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