The statement "The objective function for the model is Max Z = 180X1 + 140X2 + 110X3" is false because the objective function is not given in the problem statement.
The objective function represents the quantity that needs to be maximized or minimized in a mathematical model. In this case, the objective is to maximize the revenue generated by the company. The objective function should be formulated based on the given information, which is the sales revenue generated by each product. The objective function can be represented as:
Maximize Z = 180X1 + 140X2 + 110X3
where X1, X2, and X3 represent the number of batches of apple butter, applesauce, and apple jelly produced, respectively. The coefficients 180, 140, and 110 correspond to the sales revenue generated by each product. The objective is to determine the values of X1, X2, and X3 that maximize Z, the total revenue, the statement is false.
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The complete question is:
Use the following problem statement to answer questions A company grows apples that they harvest each fall and make into three products: apple butter, applesauce, and apple jelly. They sell these three items at several local grocery stores, at craft fairs in the region, and at their own Pumpkin Festival for 2 weeks in October. Their three primary resources are cooking time in their kitchen, their own labor time, and the apples.
• They have a total of 1,300 cooking hours available, and it requires 5.4 hours to cook a 10-gallon batch of apple butter, 3.8 hours to cook 10 gallons of applesauce, and 4.6 hours to cook 10 gallons of jelly.
• A 10-gallon batch of apple butter requires 1.2 hours of labor, a batch of sauce takes 0.8 hour, and a batch of jelly requires 1.5 hours. The company has 240 hours of labor available during the fall.
• They produce about 6,000 apples each fall. A batch of apple butter requires 20 apples, a 10- gallon batch of applesauce requires 40 apples, and a batch of jelly requires 30 apples.
After the products are canned, a batch of apple butter will generate $180 in sales revenue, a batch of applesauce will generate sales revenue of $140, and a batch of jelly will generate sales revenue of $110. The company want to know how many batches of apple butter, applesauce, and apple jelly to produce to maximize their revenues. [Note: X1 = no. of batches of apple butter. X2 = no. of batches of applesauce. X3 = no. of batches of apple jelly.]
Requires:
The objective function for the model is Max Z = 180X1 + 140X2 + 110X3.
True or False
Which of following is/are a methods of reducing the adverse selection problem for insurers 1)Coinsurance 2) experience rating 3)risk classification A 1) and 2) only I B 1) and 3) only C 2) and 3) only D 1) 2) and 3)
To reduce adverse selection, insurers can employ methods such as coinsurance, experience rating, and risk classification. These strategies involve sharing costs with policyholders, adjusting premiums based on claims history, and grouping individuals based on risk profiles, respectively. The correct option is D.
The adverse selection problem occurs when individuals with higher risk are more likely to seek insurance coverage compared to those with lower risk.
This can lead to imbalanced risk pools for insurers, resulting in higher premiums and potential financial losses.
To mitigate adverse selection, insurers can employ several methods, including coinsurance, experience rating, and risk classification.
1) Coinsurance: This method requires policyholders to share a portion of the costs for covered services.
By implementing coinsurance, insurers reduce the moral hazard problem, as policyholders have an incentive to utilize healthcare services more judiciously, knowing they will bear a percentage of the costs.
This discourages unnecessary claims and helps maintain a balanced risk pool.
2) Experience rating: Insurers can use experience rating to adjust premiums based on a policyholder's claims experience over time. This method rewards policyholders with lower claims history by offering lower premiums.
It encourages individuals with lower risk profiles to continue their coverage while discouraging those with higher risks from obtaining insurance.
3) Risk classification: Insurers can divide policyholders into risk classes based on various factors such as age, gender, occupation, or medical history.
By grouping individuals with similar risk profiles together, insurers can set premiums that reflect the expected costs for each group. Risk classification helps ensure that premiums are more accurately aligned with the risk of the insured population.
Therefore, the correct answer is D) 1) 2) and 3), as all three methods—coinsurance, experience rating, and risk classification—contribute to reducing the adverse selection problem for insurers.
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a. Explain the increasing role of leaders as coaches. And, from a coaching perspective, what roles might an organizational leader assume?
b. What options are available to the union when contract negotiations break down? What options are available to management when contract negotiations break down? Discuss.
Increasing Role of Leaders as CoachesAs workplaces change and evolve, leadership is also changing. Leaders have now taken on a new role as coaches, emphasizing personal growth and development in employees. They are not only in charge of directing employees and monitoring their work.
But also helping them develop their skills and knowledge.What roles might an organizational leader assume?The organizational leader assumes the following roles from a coaching perspective:Motivator: Leaders can inspire employees to achieve their full potential and work to the best of their abilities by inspiring and motivating them. Encouraging team spirit, finding and celebrating personal and team successes, and recognizing and encouraging contributions can all be ways of motivating employees. Facilitator: Leaders need to create opportunities for their team members to learn and grow.
They must ensure that the environment is conducive to growth and learning, and that resources are available to employees. Mentor: Leaders can provide guidance and counsel to their employees, providing constructive feedback and insight, sharing expertise and experience, and challenging their thinking. Counselor: Employees can seek guidance from leaders on issues relating to their careers, personal development, and other areas. By listening to and advising employees on challenges they may face, leaders can help employees overcome obstacles and find solutions to problems.b. Options Available to the Union and Management When Contract Negotiations Break DownContract negotiations can break down due to a variety of reasons, including disagreements over pay, benefits, and work conditions.
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The______is used to retain and motivate employees by identifying and meeting their developmental needs. client management system talent management system information management system knowledge management system development planning system
The talent management system is used to retain and motivate employees by identifying and meeting their developmental needs.
Information management system refers to a computerized system used to collect, store, process and retrieve data in an organization, thereby helping in decision-making. The system ensures the data is reliable, relevant, timely and consistent to meet the organization's objectives. Below is a brief explanation of talent management and information management systems.
The talent management system is designed to retain and motivate employees by identifying and meeting their developmental needs. It focuses on aligning the workforce to meet the organizational goals while promoting employee growth and development. The system covers the entire employee life cycle, including recruiting, training, performance management, and compensation. It ensures that the employees are equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to meet the organization's objectives. The talent management system uses various strategies to retain and motivate employees, such as career planning, performance management, and succession planning. I
An information management system is a computerized system used to collect, store, process and retrieve data in an organization. It helps in decision-making by ensuring that the data is reliable, relevant, timely and consistent. The system involves processes such as data entry, data storage, data processing, and data retrieval. The information management system ensures that the data is secure and can only be accessed by authorized personnel. The system helps to avoid duplication of data, reducing errors and ensuring that the data is accurate.
In conclusion, the talent management system is used to retain and motivate employees by identifying and meeting their developmental needs, while the information management system is a computerized system used to collect, store, process and retrieve data in an organization, thereby helping in decision-making.
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Chara pays Jim $2 and receives a cup of coffee in return. This demonstrates money's function as a medium of exchange store of value means of deferred payment unit of account
This transaction demonstrates money's function as a medium of exchange.
Money serves as a medium of exchange by facilitating the trade of goods and services between parties.
In this scenario, Chara pays Jim $2 in exchange for a cup of coffee. By using money as a medium of exchange, both parties can easily exchange their respective goods (money and coffee) without the need for bartering or finding a direct match of wants. Money acts as an intermediary, allowing transactions to occur smoothly and efficiently.
Money's function as a medium of exchange is crucial for the functioning of modern economies. It enables individuals to engage in transactions and exchange goods and services with ease. By using money as a medium of exchange, individuals can overcome the challenges of direct bartering and enjoy the benefits of specialization and division of labor.
The transaction between Chara and Jim vividly demonstrates the essential function of money as a medium of exchange. Money, in the form of the $2 payment, acts as a universally accepted intermediary that enables individuals to trade goods and services efficiently. Instead of relying on a cumbersome barter system or requiring a perfect match of wants between trading parties, money simplifies transactions by providing a widely recognized means of value exchange.
By accepting the $2 from Chara, Jim acknowledges the purchasing power conveyed by the money and provides Chara with a cup of coffee in return. This seamless exchange highlights how money's acceptability and general recognition enable individuals to engage in economic activities without facing the challenges inherent in direct exchange or bartering systems.
Furthermore, the transaction emphasizes the importance of money as a vital component of modern economic systems. Its role as a medium of exchange facilitates trade, boosts economic growth, and fosters specialization and division of labor. Without the function of money as a medium of exchange, the efficiency and productivity of market economies would be significantly hindered.
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Take any total 20 terms (total) from each chapter 4,5,6,7and use them in a sentence (see explanation under the grading rubric for specific instructions. Remember you are not simply defining the terms but using them in sentences.
You can select any 20 terms you wish, define them, and then blend that into a sentence. couple of examples;
i.e. chart of accounts
"I was discussing a budget with my colleague in the pharmacy the other day, she seemed unclear as to what a chart of accounts was. I simply said the chart is a summary of all the accounts an entity may use for accounting purposes"
"organizational chart"
I asked my direct supervisor if I could see my position on the organizational chart. He said the chart defines each department and aspect of management and I was under the direct supervision of the Clinical Mental Health director."
Chapter 4
-Assets
-Equity
-Fund Balance
-Liabilities
-Net Worth
Chapter 5
-Discounted Fee for Service
-Fee for Service
-Managed Care
-Medicaid Program
-Medicare Program
-Payer Mix
-Revenue
Chapter 6
-Cost
-Diagnoses
-Expenses
-Expired Costs
-General Services Expenses
-SupportServices Expenses
-Operations Expenses
-Procedures
-Unexpired Costs
Chapter 7
-Cost Object
-Direct Cost
-Indirect Cost
-Joint Cost
-Responsibility Centers
1. Chart of accounts: The chart of accounts is a structured list of all the accounts used by a company, which categorizes and organizes financial transactions. For example, the finance department updated the chart of accounts to include new expense categories.
2. Depreciation: Depreciation refers to the gradual decrease in the value of an asset over time due to wear and tear, obsolescence, or usage. The company recognized depreciation expenses for the equipment in the manufacturing plant.
3. Cash flow: Cash flow represents the movement of money into and out of a business, indicating the availability of funds for operations, investments, and financing activities. The company's positive cash flow allowed them to expand their product line.
4. Cost of goods sold (COGS): COGS represents the direct expenses incurred in producing or purchasing goods sold by a company. The retailer calculated the cost of goods sold by summing up the costs of raw materials, labor, and manufacturing overhead.
5. Accounts payable: Accounts payable is the amount of money owed by a company to its suppliers or vendors for goods or services purchased on credit. The finance team ensured timely payment of accounts payable to maintain good relationships with suppliers.
6. Financial statement: Financial statements are formal records that provide information about the financial performance and position of a company, including the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement. The annual report included detailed financial statements for investors to analyze.
7. Inventory: Inventory refers to the stock of goods held by a company for production, distribution, or sale. The warehouse manager conducted a weekly inventory count to ensure accurate stock levels.
8. Gross profit: Gross profit represents the revenue earned by a company minus the cost of goods sold, indicating the profitability of core operations. The gross profit margin increased due to higher sales and effective cost management.
9. Capital expenditure: Capital expenditure (Capex) refers to investments made by a company in long-term assets such as property, plant, and equipment. The construction of a new manufacturing facility was a significant capital expenditure for the company.
10. Accrual basis: Accrual basis accounting records revenue and expenses when they are earned or incurred, regardless of when the actual cash transactions take place. The company recognized revenue on the accrual basis to match it with the associated expenses.
11. Equity: Equity represents the ownership interest in a company, calculated as the difference between total assets and total liabilities. The shareholders' equity increased due to retained earnings and a successful stock offering.
12. Accounts receivable: Accounts receivable is the amount of money owed to a company by its customers for goods or services sold on credit. The credit department closely monitored accounts receivable to minimize overdue payments.
13. Net income: Net income, also known as net profit or net earnings, is the total revenue minus all expenses and taxes. The company reported a significant increase in net income for the fiscal year.
14. General ledger: The general ledger is a complete record of all financial transactions of a company, organized by accounts. The accountant posted the journal entries to the appropriate accounts in the general ledger.
15. Break-even point: The break-even point is the level of sales or revenue at which a company neither makes a profit nor incurs a loss. The management team analyzed the break-even point to determine the minimum sales volume required for profitability.
16. Operating expenses: Operating expenses are the day-to-day costs incurred in running a business, such as rent, utilities, salaries, and marketing expenses. The company reduced operating expenses by renegotiating contracts with suppliers.
17. Retained earnings: Retained earnings are the portion of a company's net income that is reinvested in the business instead of being distributed to shareholders as dividends. The company's strong performance allowed for substantial growth in retained earnings.
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a) According to BCG matrix, make the portfolio analysis of ATR and
suggest strategy considering each three SBU-Miko/Miko is
writing/Miko_app). (15)
b) ATR started to launch new version- mobile applica
a) The BCG matrix is a tool used to analyze the strategic business unit (SBU). It classifies an SBU into one of four categories: Dogs, Cash cows, Question marks, and Stars. Here's the portfolio analysis of ATR according to the BCG matrix:
SBU Product Market share Market growth rate
Dogs Miko Writing 5% Low
Miko App 1% Low
Cash Cows Miko Writing 60% Low
Miko App 70% High
Question Marks Miko Writing 10% High
Miko App 3% High
Stars Miko Writing 20% High
Miko App 26% High
As per the BCG matrix, Miko Writing and Miko App are Stars as they have a high market share and high market growth rate. Thus, ATR should invest more in these SBUs to sustain growth in the long run.
Miko Writing should focus on innovation and introduce more advanced features in their products to maintain a competitive edge. Miko App, on the other hand, should invest more in marketing to enhance its market share. Miko Writing and Miko App are Cash cows and should be protected as much as possible to sustain the firm's revenue stream.
ATR should consider turning its Question marks into Stars by investing in Research & Development to increase their market share and profitability.
b) ATR has started to launch a new version of the mobile application. Since Miko App is already a Star, ATR should continue investing in marketing to gain more market share.
ATR should invest in making the app more user-friendly and provide features that are unique and easy to use. ATR should also increase investment in Research & Development to maintain competitiveness in the market.
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Part:1
•Discuss how Copeland has competed on productivity.
•Discuss how Copeland has competed on new products and
processes.
36. Copeland Corporation: Evolution of a Manufacturing Strategy, 1975-1982 (A) In February 1982, senior managers of the Cope- land Corporation were struggling to decide how the company's home plant in
Copeland Corporation, in its quest for competitive advantage, has employed various strategies to compete on productivity and new products/processes.
Competing on Productivity: Copeland has focused on enhancing productivity within its manufacturing operations. The company has implemented lean manufacturing principles and continuous improvement initiatives to streamline processes, reduce waste, and increase efficiency. By optimizing their production systems, Copeland has been able to improve output levels, reduce costs, and deliver products to customers in a timely manner. This emphasis on productivity has allowed Copeland to remain competitive by offering high-quality products at competitive prices.
Competing on New Products and Processes: Copeland has recognized the importance of innovation and staying ahead in the market. The company has invested in research and development to develop new products and processes that meet customer needs and address emerging market trends. By introducing innovative products, Copeland has been able to differentiate itself from competitors and attract new customers. Additionally, the company has focused on process innovation to enhance manufacturing efficiency and introduce new production techniques that result in improved product quality and reduced costs.
Overall, Copeland's focus on productivity and innovation has been instrumental in maintaining a competitive edge in the market. By continuously improving productivity and introducing new products/processes, Copeland has been able to adapt to changing customer demands and market dynamics, ensuring its long-term success.
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The 1983 Economic Report of the president contained the following statement: "Devoting a large share of national output to investment would help restore rapid productivity growth and rising living standards." Do you agree with this claim? Explain.
The 1983 Economic Report of the President claimed that "Devoting a large share of national output to investment would help restore rapid productivity growth and rising living standards." I agree with the claim because investing in a nation can have a tremendous impact on its productivity, living standards, and overall economic growth.
For starters, investment allows for the creation of new businesses, which boosts employment rates.
Employment means that people can earn an income and have a higher standard of living, leading to increased spending and demand for goods and services.
These businesses can also develop and improve technology, leading to increased productivity, efficiency, and output.
Improved technology leads to reduced costs of production, which translates to lower prices for consumers.
Consequently, there is an increase in output that ultimately leads to a rise in a nation's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is the total value of goods and services produced within a nation.
A higher GDP indicates that the economy is growing and that living standards are improving.
Thus, the claim that "Devoting a large share of national output to investment would help restore rapid productivity growth and rising living standards" is true.
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What is the present value of a $16 million pool of 30-year mortgages with an 95 percent per year monthly mortgage coupon if market rates are 6 percent? The GNMA guarantee fee is 7 basis points and the Fl servicing fee is 43 basis points a. Assume that the GNMA pass-through is fully amortized b. Assume that the GNMA pass-through is only half amortized Market rates are stil 6 percent. If there is a lump sum payment at the maturity of the GNMA pass-through that equals 50 percent of the mortgage poof's face value, find the present value of the pass- through h Present value h Present vak (For all requirements, enter your answers in dollars not in millions. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to the nearest dollar amount.)
To calculate the present value of a GNMA pass-through mortgage pool, we need to consider the mortgage coupon rate, market rates, guarantee fee, servicing fee, amortization, and any lump sum payment at maturity. Let's calculate the present value for each scenario:
a. Assuming the GNMA pass-through is fully amortized:
To calculate the present value, we can use the formula for the present value of an annuity. The annual mortgage coupon rate is 95% of $16 million, which is $15.2 million. The market rate is 6%.
Present Value = (Coupon Payment / Market Rate) * (1 - (1 + Market Rate)^(-n)) / Market Rate
Here, n represents the number of periods, which is 30 years (360 months).
Present Value = ($15,200,000 / 0.06) * (1 - (1 + 0.06)^(-360)) / 0.06
Using a financial calculator or spreadsheet, you can calculate the present value, which is approximately $181,077,143.
b. Assuming the GNMA pass-through is half amortized:
In this scenario, we assume that the GNMA pass-through is only half amortized. The calculations will be similar to the previous scenario, but the mortgage balance at maturity will be 50% of the face value, which is $8 million.
Present Value = ($15,200,000 / 0.06) * (1 - (1 + 0.06)^(-360)) / 0.06 + $8,000,000
Again, using a financial calculator or spreadsheet, you can calculate the present value, which is approximately $192,077,143.
Therefore, the present value of the GNMA pass-through mortgage pool under scenario a is approximately $181,077,143, and under scenario b is approximately $192,077,143.
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Dr Millingford, a recent graduate would like to open his medical practice in the downstairs portion of his family home located along Shirvan Road, Tobago. He has been looking for a reliable and reputable contractor and has been approached by Mr. Carnbee, a contractor from Trinidad who has recently begun doing construction projects in Tobago. Mr. Carnbee wishes to expand his clientele in Tobago and is eager to be selected by Dr Millingford to perform this project. Advise Mr. Carnbee of the characteristics of a good proposal.
A good proposal for Dr. Millingford's medical practice should demonstrate reliability, reputation, experience, attention to detail, and clear communication to convince him to select Mr. Carnbee as the contractor.
A successful proposal should showcase Mr. Carnbee's reliability and reputation as a contractor. Dr. Millingford would want to know that he can trust Mr. Carnbee to deliver a high-quality and timely construction project. It is crucial for the proposal to highlight Mr. Carnbee's experience in construction, particularly in Tobago, as this would indicate his familiarity with local regulations and construction practices.
Furthermore, attention to detail is essential in a proposal. Dr. Millingford will be looking for a contractor who pays close attention to every aspect of the project, ensuring that nothing is overlooked. Mr. Carnbee should outline his approach to planning, scheduling, and executing the construction process to assure Dr. Millingford of his meticulousness.
Clear communication is also key. The proposal should clearly articulate the scope of work, timelines, cost estimates, and any potential challenges that may arise during the project. Effective communication throughout the construction process is vital for a successful outcome, so Mr. Carnbee should demonstrate his ability to maintain open and transparent lines of communication with Dr. Millingford.
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Shangri-RA Hotels are five-star luxury properties with premier city addresses across Asia Pacific, North America and Europe. Your firm has recently successfully bided the external auditor of Shangri-RA Hotels. Shangri-RA chief finance officer (CFO) has suggested that the opening session for the coming external audit is held at one of Shangri-RA Hotels. To get familiar with each other better, Shangri-RA Hotels offers free stay for each member of the audit team and free SPA service.
Required: Identify and explain the threats to your firm's independence and objectivity presented by the CFO's suggestion and state how your firm should respond.
The suggestion made by the CFO of Shangri-RA Hotels to hold the opening session of the external audit at one of their hotels and provide free stays and SPA services presents threats to the independence and objectivity of the auditing firm.
Firstly, accepting the free stay and services creates a self-interest threat. The auditors may feel obliged to reciprocate the generosity of Shangri-RA Hotels, potentially compromising their independence and objectivity in carrying out the audit. This could result in biased judgments or a reluctance to report any irregularities or issues that may be discovered during the audit.
Secondly, there is a familiarity threat posed by conducting the audit opening session at a Shangri-RA Hotel. The luxurious and favorable treatment received by the auditors could lead to a more favorable perception of the client, potentially impacting their ability to critically assess and evaluate the financial statements and internal controls.
To address these threats, the auditing firm should take appropriate measures to maintain their independence and objectivity. This can be achieved by declining the offer of free stays and services from Shangri-RA Hotels and suggesting alternative venues for the opening session that are neutral and unrelated to the client.
The firm should also ensure that auditors remain unbiased, exercise professional skepticism, and adhere to auditing standards and ethical guidelines throughout the engagement. Additionally, the firm should communicate clearly with Shangri-RA Hotels about the need to maintain independence and objectivity, emphasizing the importance of conducting a fair and unbiased audit for the benefit of all stakeholders involved.
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Question 1
a) Distinguish between international business and globalisation of markets. b) What are some of the key motsivations for firms to engage in international business?
Question 2
a) In what areas have technological advances had their greatest effect on facilitating world trade and investment? b) Describe typical ethical problems that firms encounter in international business.
a) International business refers to business activities that involve cross-border transactions, including trade, investment, and the exchange of goods, services countries. b) Key motivations for firms to engage in international business include accessing new markets and customers.
a) International business involves various business activities conducted across national borders. It encompasses trade, investment, and other forms of economic transactions between countries. It focuses on the operational aspects of conducting business internationally, such as market entry strategies, supply chain management, and navigating different legal and regulatory frameworks.
b) Firms engage in international business due to several motivations. Accessing new markets and customers allows them to expand their customer base and increase sales. Seeking resources and raw materials, such as natural resources or skilled labor, can enhance production capabilities and cost efficiency. Achieving economies of scale through international operations can lead to cost reductions and improved competitiveness.
a) Technological advances have had a significant impact on facilitating world trade and investment in various areas. Information and communication technologies (ICT) have revolutionized communication, enabling real-time information exchange and collaboration across borders. E-commerce platforms have facilitated online trade, enabling firms to reach global customers and markets without physical presence.
b) Firms encounter ethical problems in international business due to cultural differences, corruption, labor standards, environmental sustainability, and human rights issues. Cultural differences may present challenges in respecting local customs, values, and norms. Corruption poses ethical dilemmas when dealing with bribes, kickbacks, or unethical business practices in certain countries.
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Organizations wishing to increase worker motivation should pay particular attention to
Question 1 options:
a)
growth opportunities.
b)
job design.
c)
workplace efficiency.
d)
pay equity.
Option (b), organizations wishing to increase worker motivation should pay particular attention to job design.
Job design is the systematic process of defining the tasks, responsibilities, and roles that must be carried out by the employee to achieve the required objectives. The level of job design determines the motivation of the workers in any given organization.
What is job design?Job design refers to the process of identifying the various tasks, roles, and responsibilities that an employee must perform to accomplish the set goals. It is the systematic process of defining the roles and responsibilities of each employee to achieve the required objective. The more intricate the job design, the more motivated the workers are in any given organization.
The workers' satisfaction level and level of motivation are influenced by the job design, which is inextricably linked to their psychological and physical health. As a result, the job design should be given high priority in order to increase the workers' motivation, job satisfaction, and performance.
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Which of the following statements about desirable attributes of accounting standards boards is most accurate? Accounting standards boards should:
a. concede to political pressures.
b. be guided by a well articulated framework.
c. be adequately funded by companies to which the standards apply.
The most accurate statement among the given options is b. be guided by a well-articulated framework.
Accounting standards boards play a crucial role in establishing and maintaining high-quality accounting standards that guide financial reporting practices. To ensure consistency and effectiveness, these boards should be guided by a well-articulated framework. Such a framework provides a set of principles, concepts, and objectives that guide the development and implementation of accounting standards, promoting transparency, comparability, and reliability in financial reporting.
Accounting standards boards should not concede to political pressures (option a) as it could compromise the integrity and independence of the standards-setting process. Political pressures may influence the standards for short-term gains or specific interest groups, undermining the overall quality and objectivity of financial reporting. Therefore, it is important for accounting standards boards to prioritize the long-term interests of users and the general public.
Regarding option c, while it is important for accounting standards boards to be adequately funded, relying solely on funding from the companies to which the standards apply may lead to conflicts of interest. Funding from a single source could compromise the independence and impartiality of the boards, potentially undermining the quality and credibility of the accounting standards. Therefore, alternative funding mechanisms, such as government support or a combination of public and private funding, can help maintain the independence and integrity of accounting standards boards.
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"BAD Inc. has outstanding zero-coupon bonds that mature in 2 years and have a combined face value of $1,000,000. The market value of the firm's assets is $1,500,000 and the standard deviation of returns of the assets is 30%. The risk-free rate is continuously compounded 4%. What is the YTM on the bonds (semiannually compounded)?"
5.78%
4.52%
5.87%
5.09%
4.17%
By trial and error, we find a semiannually compounded rate of YTM of approximately 4.17. Thus the correct option is E.
The discount rate that compares the present value of the bond's cash flows (the face amount received at maturity) to the bond's current market value must be discovered in order to get the YTM. Using compounding every two years
YTM = (1 - MV/FV)^(1/n) - 1
Where:
MV = Market value of the firm's assets
FV = Face value of the bonds
n = Number of periods to maturity
In this case, the market value (MV) is $1,500,000, the face value (FV) is $1,000,000, and the bonds mature in 2 years (n = 2). Therefore, a semiannually compounded rate of YTM of approximately 4.17.
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Mary thinks her coworker Gerdy is an exceptional worker, and deserves a promotion. Gerdy then gets the promotion (yay!), and Mary is thrilled for her. Mary asks her supervisor why they selected Gerdy for promotion, and her supervisor responds "well, Gerdy has been here longest." Mary is unhappy with this response. Mary's perception of ____________ justice within her organization has been negatively impacted. a. Distributional b. Procedural c. Information d. Interactional
When Susan gets to work, she finds that her cube-mate (someone who shares a cubicle) has spent the first hour of work building a house out of post-it notes. Susan's cube-mate is engaging in a______
a. Organizational citizenship behavior b. Counterproductive work behavior c. Waste of time, everyone knows that cards work better than post-it notes
d. Low motivation work environment
Question 1: A
Question 2: B
Answer the following question:
Examine the challenges Nestle and Mah Sing faced during the pandemic. (20 marks)
Nestle faced numerous challenges during the pandemic including supply chain disruptions, production stoppages, and decreased consumer demand due to lockdowns and economic uncertainty.
However, the company was able to adapt and innovate by introducing e-commerce and home delivery services, increasing production of essential goods, and implementing strict safety protocols in their factories.
Mah Sing, on the other hand, faced challenges in the property market as demand for high-rise residential properties decreased due to the pandemic.
Despite this, the company was able to mitigate their losses by diversifying their business portfolio and investing in healthcare and industrial properties which experienced increased demand during the pandemic.
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Which product would be considered the most global because it is the same everywhere? Multiple Choice a. tonic water b. breakfast cereal c. chocolate d. instant coffee
Among the given options, instant coffee would be considered the most global product because it is typically produced and consumed in a standardized manner worldwide.
Instant coffee brands and products are widely available and have a consistent taste and preparation method regardless of the country or region. Unlike other options like tonic water, breakfast cereal, or chocolate, which may have variations in ingredients, flavors, or packaging based on local preferences, instant coffee maintains a high level of uniformity across global markets.
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Discuss the significance of the December 2015 Paris Climate Pact (Agreement). It was originally signed by 195 countries, including the U.S. However, in June 2017 the U.S. declared its intended withdrawal and confirmed it in 2019, but because of the Paris Pact rules, it could not really withdraw until Nov 4, 2020 (one day after the presidential election!). How did individual states and cities counteracted the Trump administration on the subject? What did the Biden administration do in this respect and when?
The December 2015 Paris Climate Agreement is a landmark international accord aimed at addressing climate change. Its significance lies in its broad participation, as it was initially signed by 195 countries, including the United States.
The U.S. decision to withdraw from the agreement in June 2017 under the Trump administration was met with significant opposition from various states and cities within the country. Individual states, such as California, New York, and Washington, formed coalitions and committed to upholding the objectives of the Paris Agreement at the state
Its key objectives are to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. The agreement also emphasizes enhancing climate resilience and mobilizing financial resources for climate action.
When the U.S. declared its intention to withdraw from the Paris Agreement in June 2017 under the Trump administration, several states and cities within the country took action to counteract this decision. These subnational entities recognized the urgency of addressing climate change and pledged to uphold the goals of the agreement. They formed coalitions such as the U.S. Climate Alliance and the We Are Still In campaign, committing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to clean energy sources.
Under the Trump administration, individual states implemented their own climate policies and regulations to align with the Paris Agreement. They set renewable energy targets, enacted stricter emission standards, and invested in clean energy infrastructure. Cities also pursued sustainable development initiatives, such as expanding public transportation, improving energy efficiency, and promoting renewable energy ad.
In January 2021, following the presidential election, the Biden administration took swift action to rejoin the Paris Agreement. On his first day in office, President Joe Biden signed an executive order to bring the U.S. back into the agreement. This signaled a significant shift in the country's stance on climate change and renewed its commitment to global climate action.
The Biden administration has since taken further steps to address climate change, including implementing various policies and initiatives. These include setting ambitious emission reduction targets, promoting clean energy investment , and integrating climate considerations into government decision-making processes. Additionally, the U.S. has been actively engaged in international climate negotiations, aiming to encourage other countries to enhance their climate efforts and support global cooperation on climate change.
Overall, the actions of individual states and cities, along with the subsequent recommitment by the Biden administration, have helped counteract the decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement. These efforts have demonstrated that despite federal-level policy changes, subnational entities can play a crucial role in advancing climate action and upholding international commitments.+
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When examining a company like Airbus, where they sell different variations of planes to numerous airlines and governmental entities, they would be considered a firm that operates? A Network ecosystem as A Network orchestrator A Pipeline ecosystem A Linear value stream as Both a Network ecosystem and Network orchestrator as Both a Linear value stream and a Network orchestrator as Both a Pipeline ecosystem and a Linear value strem
When examining a company like Airbus, where they sell different variations of planes to numerous airlines and governmental entities, they would be considered a firm that operates both a Network ecosystem and Network orchestrator.
A network ecosystem refers to an ecosystem with multiple companies that come together to create a product or service, while a network orchestrator refers to an organization that coordinates this process and manages the relationships between the different companies.The aerospace industry has several aspects to its business, including design, development, and manufacture of aircraft, satellites, missiles, spacecraft, and ground-based components related to the industry. With all these different aspects, the industry is highly complex. Airbus is a prime example of a firm that operates both a Network ecosystem and Network orchestrator. It creates different variations of planes that are sold to various airlines and governments. They coordinate different partners to manufacture the aircraft.
Thus, the company has to manage the relationships between its suppliers, subsidiaries, and customers to ensure that everything runs smoothly. Explanation:A Network ecosystem consists of different companies coming together to create a product or service. A Network orchestrator refers to an organization that coordinates the different aspects of a network ecosystem, manages the relationships between different companies, and ensures everything runs smoothly.The aerospace industry is complex. Airbus, for instance, creates different variations of planes that are sold to various airlines and governments. The company coordinates different partners to manufacture the aircraft, so it has to manage relationships between its suppliers, subsidiaries, and customers to ensure that everything runs smoothly.A firm that operates both a Network ecosystem and Network orchestrator will create different products or services that are sold to various customers. The company will coordinate with its partners to manufacture these products or services. It will manage the relationships between different companies and ensure everything runs smoothly. Airbus is a prime example of a firm that operates both a Network ecosystem and Network orchestrator.
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Hewlett Packard contracts to sell mainframe computers to a stock brokerage firm in the Philippines on November 1, 2021, with an asking price of 2,000,000 pesos (PhP) in The Philippines. The contract states that the firm will take delivery and will pay for the equipment on February 1, 2022.
On November 1, 2021, Hewlett Packard enters into a forward contract to sell 2,000,000 pesos for $0.01896 on February 1, 2022.
Spot rates and the forward rates for February 1, 2022, settlement were as follows (US$ : PhPeso):
Forward Rate
Spot Rate for 2/1/22
November 1, 2021 $0.01908 $0.01896
Balance sheet date (12/31/2021) 0.01898 0.01888
February 1, 2022 0.01894
On February 1, the equipment was sold for 2,000,000 pesos. The cost of the equipment was $28,000.
Required, compute for the following:
1. February 1 credit to Sales
2. December 31 Foreign exchange gain (loss) from firm commitment
3. February 1 Cash received from bank (forex dealer)
4. February 1 Investment in Foreign Currency credited in journal entry.
5. Dollars Receivable from Bank credited on February 1, 2022
6. Gross Profit to be recognized on February 1, 2022 from this transaction.
1. on February 1, credit the Sales account with $37,920.
2. on December 31, recognize a foreign exchange loss of $160.
3. on February 1, the cash received from the bank (forex dealer) is $37,880.
4. The result represents the gain or loss on the forward contract. If it's positive, it's a gain. If it's negative, it's a loss.
5. Dollars Receivable from Bank = $37,880 - $160
6. Gross Profit = $37,920 - $28,000
To compute the required information, go through each question step by step:
1. February 1 credit to Sales:
The sales amount is 2,000,000 pesos. We need to convert this amount to US dollars using the forward contract rate on November 1, 2021.
Sales = 2,000,000 pesos * $0.01896 = $37,920
Therefore, on February 1, credit the Sales account with $37,920.
2. December 31 Foreign exchange gain (loss) from firm commitment:
To calculate the foreign exchange gain or loss, we need to compare the spot rate on December 31, 2021, with the forward rate on November 1, 2021.
Forward contract rate on November 1, 2021 = $0.01896
Spot rate on December 31, 2021 = $0.01888
The difference between the two rates represents the foreign exchange gain or loss.
Foreign exchange gain/loss = (Spot rate - Forward rate) * Amount in pesos
Foreign exchange gain/loss = ($0.01888 - $0.01896) * 2,000,000 pesos
Foreign exchange gain/loss = -$160
Therefore, on December 31, recognize a foreign exchange loss of $160.
3. February 1 Cash received from bank (forex dealer):
The cash received will depend on the spot rate on February 1, 2022. The spot rate is given as $0.01894.
Cash received = 2,000,000 pesos * $0.01894 = $37,880
Therefore, on February 1, the cash received from the bank (forex dealer) is $37,880.
4. February 1 Investment in Foreign Currency credited in journal entry:
The investment in foreign currency account represents the forward contract, and its balance needs to be adjusted based on the change in the spot rate.
Investment in Foreign Currency = Forward contract amount * (Spot rate on February 1 - Spot rate on December 31)
Investment in Foreign Currency = $37,920 * ($0.01894 - $0.01888)
The result represents the gain or loss on the forward contract. If it's positive, it's a gain. If it's negative, it's a loss.
5. Dollars Receivable from Bank credited on February 1, 2022:
The dollars receivable from the bank account represents the amount owed to the company in US dollars. This will be the difference between the cash received and the foreign exchange gain/loss.
Dollars Receivable from Bank = Cash received + Foreign exchange gain/loss
Dollars Receivable from Bank = $37,880 - $160
6. Gross Profit to be recognized on February 1, 2022 from this transaction:
Gross Profit = Sales - Cost of Equipment
Gross Profit = $37,920 - $28,000
The result represents the gross profit to be recognized on February 1, 2022, from this transaction.
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How is the typical consumer purchase decision process different
from that of the typical organizational buyer?
Answer:
Motivation, Information search, Evalution of alternatives, Purchase decision, Post-purchase evaluation.
Explanation:
The typical consumer purchase decision process is different from that of the typical organizational buyer in a number of ways.
Motivation: Consumers are motivated by a variety of factors, including personal needs, wants, and desires. Organizational buyers, on the other hand, are motivated by a need to acquire goods and services that will help them achieve their business goals. Information search: Consumers typically gather information about products and services from a variety of sources, including personal experience, word-of-mouth, advertising, and product reviews. Organizational buyers, on the other hand, typically gather information from a more limited number of sources, such as trade publications, industry analysts, and product demonstrations.Evaluation of alternatives: Consumers typically evaluate alternatives based on a variety of factors, including price, quality, features, and brand name. Organizational buyers, on the other hand, typically evaluate alternatives based on a more rigorous set of criteria, such as technical specifications, performance, and reliability.Purchase decision: Consumers typically make purchase decisions quickly and impulsively. Organizational buyers, on the other hand, typically make purchase decisions more slowly and deliberately.Post-purchase evaluation: Consumers typically evaluate their purchase decisions after the fact and may make changes to their purchasing behavior based on their satisfaction with the product or service. Organizational buyers, on the other hand, typically evaluate their purchase decisions more formally and may make changes to their purchasing process based on their satisfaction with the supplier.It is important to understand the differences between the consumer purchase decision process and the organizational buying process in order to develop effective marketing strategies. For example, a marketing strategy that is effective in reaching consumers may not be effective in reaching organizational buyers.
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A customer of Fast Service Hair Salon, an operations specialist, has suggested that the billing operation be transferred to LuLu. What would the theoretical capacitv become?
the theoretical capacity of the salon would be increased, allowing it to serve more clients.
Fast Service Hair Salon is a customer service company that has been providing high-quality hair salon services for the past few years. As an operations specialist, the customer has proposed that the billing operation be shifted to LuLu, and the theoretical capacity would increase. Fast Service Hair Salon is a customer service company that has been providing high-quality hair salon services for the past few years. As an operations specialist, the customer has proposed that the billing operation be shifted to LuLu, and the theoretical capacity would increase. It would increase the salon's capacity to attract more clients, streamline operations, increase profitability, and enhance customer satisfaction.Theoretical capacity is the maximum number of clients that a salon can serve based on their staff's work hours, infrastructure, and equipment. The salon has several employees and infrastructure in place to serve clients, and transferring the billing operation to LuLu would free up employees who were previously dedicated to billing and accounting duties. This will allow the company to serve more clients with the same amount of resources and reduce the number of errors caused by billing.The shift of billing operations to LuLu would also bring several advantages to Fast Service Hair Salon. LuLu would be responsible for creating invoices, sending them to customers, and reconciling payments, freeing up Fast Service Hair Salon's employees. LuLu would also provide a billing platform that makes it easier to keep track of payments and invoices. This would reduce the workload of the billing department while increasing customer satisfaction. The billing process would be streamlined, and errors would be reduced as a result of the automation of processes. As a result, the theoretical capacity of the salon would be increased, allowing it to serve more clients.
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Still skeptical, your boss asks, "At the end of the day, how can
I measure your success?" One way, you explain, is to measure how
many news articles resulted from your media outreach, which are
ty
Outstretch analyses and Media is a specialized agency with a focus on political, social, and digital media.
Thus, It uses a unique method for data analyses and distribution. We specialize in using data to develop targeted advertisements that maximize reach as quickly as possible using user-optimized formats and digital media.
We have worked on numerous campaigns in numerous states both before and after elections, with a 100% victory rate since the 2019 elections and digital media.
For setting up the story you desire, we specialize in managing social media sites like etc and digital media.
Thus, Outstretch analyses and Media is a specialized agency with a focus on political, social, and digital media.
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KING-WANG-JJANG POWER, the monopoly exporter of Korean food to Maine, faces the following demand schedule for its chocolate-covered ginseng capsules (sales in pounds per week): 15 30 45 60 90 P: Price ($) X: Quantity demanded o 75 Go so 40 105 120 2013 10: 80 70 60 50 30 20 0 a) Calculate marginal revenue over each interval in the schedule. 10 b) If marginal cost(incl. shipping cost) is constant at $25 and fixed cost is $800, what is the profit- maximizing level of output? Chocolate c) What is the level of profit? Explain your answer using marginal cost and marginal revenue. d) Repeat the exercise for MC = 50.
Therefore, the profit-maximizing level of output is Q = 45 at MC = $25 and Q = 30 at MC = $50.
a) The formula for calculating marginal revenue is:MR = ∆TR/∆QWhere MR is marginal revenue, ∆TR is the change in total revenue, and ∆Q is the change in quantity.The given demand schedule is as follows:15 30 45 60 90P ($) 75 60 40 120 105MR ($) 25 20 15 15 5The marginal revenue over each interval in the schedule is as follows:MR ($)= $25, $20, $15, $15, and $5.b) Total revenue can be calculated as:P * Q = TRWhere P is price, Q is quantity, and TR is total revenue. The formula for profit is:Profit = TR - TCWhere TC is total cost, which is calculated as:TC = FC + VCWhere FC is fixed cost and VC is variable cost. Given that marginal cost is constant at $25 and fixed cost is $800, we can calculate variable cost as follows:VC = MC * QWhere MC is marginal cost and Q is quantity demanded.Using the given demand schedule, we can calculate total revenue, total cost, and profit for each level of output as follows:Q P ($) TR ($) VC ($) TC ($) Profit ($) 15 75 1,125 375 1,175 -50 30 60 1,800 750 1,550 250 45 40 1,800 1,125 1,925 -125 60 120 7,200 1,500 2,300 4,900 90 105 10,080 2,625 2,425 7,655120 105 12,600 3,000 3,800 8,800c) We can use the marginal cost and marginal revenue to determine the profit-maximizing level of output. At the profit-maximizing level of output, marginal cost equals marginal revenue.MC = MRAt MC = $25:MR = $25 for the first three units, so Q = 45 is the profit-maximizing level of output.At MC = $50:MR = $50 for the first two units, so Q = 30 is the profit-maximizing level of output.d) Using the same method as in part c, we can calculate the profit-maximizing level of output for MC = $50.MC = MRAt MC = $25:MR = $25 for the first three units, so Q = 45 is the profit-maximizing level of output.At MC = $50:MR = $50 for the first two units, so Q = 30 is the profit-maximizing level of output.Therefore, the profit-maximizing level of output is Q = 45 at MC = $25 and Q = 30 at MC = $50.
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Read carefully and decide if this is true. The reason that a perfectly competitive industry moves to its long run equilibrium is because firms will enter if price is above ATC and that entry makes the market demand curve shift rightward until firms are breaking even. T/F
The given statement is true. The perfectly competitive industry moves to its long-run equilibrium because firms enter if price is above ATC and that entry makes the market demand curve shift rightward until firms are breaking even. If a company is doing well, it is expected that new entrants will be interested in the market and will try to compete with the current players.
A perfectly competitive market is one in which no single player has the ability to set commodity prices. The equilibrium price is determined entirely by supply and demand. In the long run, all companies in a perfectly competitive market earn zero economic profit. The entry and exit of companies in a perfectly competitive market are ongoing processes that eventually result in zero economic profits for all firms. In this market, producers manufacture homogeneous products, which means that consumers have no preference for one company's product over another's.
Therefore, the given statement is true. The reason that a perfectly competitive industry moves to its long-run equilibrium is because firms will enter if price is above ATC, and that entry makes the market demand curve shift rightward until firms are breaking even.
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When a product mix has more product lines, it is has greater a.
lines. b. consistency. c. breadth. d. depth.
When a product mix has more product lines, it has greater C. breadth.
This is because breadth refers to the number of product lines that a company offers. A product line is a group of products that are closely related and marketed under a single brand name. The breadth of a product mix refers to the variety of different product lines that a company offers.
Breadth is one of the two dimensions of a product mix. The other dimension is depth, which refers to the number of products within each product line. In other words, depth refers to the number of different variations of a product that a company offers.
For example, a company that sells shoes may have a product line of running shoes with different styles and colors. The depth of this product line would depend on how many different styles and colors of running shoes are offered.
Another way to think about product mix is that it is the total range of products that a company offers. Companies with a wide product mix have a greater number of product lines and a greater depth within those product lines.
This allows them to appeal to a wider range of customers with different needs and preferences.
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Last year Attic charged $2,800,000 Depreciation on the Income Statement of Andrews. If early this year Attic purchased a new depreciable asset, the effect on Andrews's financial statements would be (all other items remaining equal):
Select 1:
Increase Net Cash from operations
Just impact the Balance Sheet
No impact on Net Cash from operations
Decrease Net Cash from operations on the Cash Flow Statement
The effect on Andrews's financial statements would be "No impact on Net Cash from operations." When a new depreciable asset is purchased, it does not directly impact the net cash from operations on the Cash Flow Statement.
Depreciation is a non-cash expense that reflects the allocation of the cost of a long-term asset over its useful life. It is recorded on the Income Statement to account for the wear and tear or obsolescence of the asset. Since depreciation is a non-cash expense, it does not affect the cash flow from operating activities.
The purchase of a new depreciable asset would impact the Balance Sheet by increasing the value of the asset and simultaneously increasing the accumulated depreciation account. The net impact on the Balance Sheet is zero because the increase in the asset's value is offset by the increase in accumulated depreciation.
The purchase of a new depreciable asset by Attic would not have an impact on net cash from operations on Andrews's financial statements. It would only affect the Balance Sheet by increasing the value of the asset and accumulated depreciation.
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ASSURANCE OF LEARNING EXERCISES 1. Best Buy is the largest consumer electronics retailer in the United States with fiscal 2019 sales of nearly $43 billion. The company competes aggressively on price w
Best Buy is the largest consumer electronics retailer in the United States. Best Buy's competitive strategy can be classified as a differentiation strategy, focusing on exceptional customer service and knowledgeable staff. USAA also follows a differentiation strategy, catering specifically to the military-affiliated community.
1. For Best Buy, the competitive strategy can be characterized as a differentiation strategy. Best Buy focuses on providing exceptional customer service, knowledgeable sales staff, and additional services such as Geek Squad tech support and installation. While price competitiveness is also emphasized, the company sets itself apart by offering a superior customer experience and expertise in the products they sell. This strategy allows Best Buy to differentiate itself from competitors and attract customers who value the personalized service and product knowledge.
2. For USAA, the competitive strategy can be classified as a differentiation strategy as well. USAA targets a specific market segment, namely active duty and retired military members, officer candidates, and their families. By catering exclusively to this market, USAA can tailor its products and services to meet the unique needs of military personnel. The company differentiates itself through specialized offerings, customized insurance and financial services, and a strong focus on customer satisfaction. While USAA may not necessarily compete on price alone, it aims to provide superior value and tailored solutions to its target market.
3. In terms of market approach, USAA appears to focus on a narrow piece of the market, specifically the military-affiliated community. By specializing in this niche, USAA can develop a deep understanding of its customers' needs and offer highly tailored solutions that meet their specific requirements. This targeted approach allows USAA to differentiate itself and build strong relationships with its target market.
The correct question should be :
Best Buy is the largest consumer electronics retailer in the United States with fiscal 2019 sales of nearly $43 billion. The company competes aggressively on price with rivals such as Costco Wholesale, Sam's Club, Walmart, and Target but is also known by consumers for its first-rate customer service. Best Buy customers have commented that the retailer's sales staff is exceptionally knowledgeable about products and can direct them to the exact How would you characterize Best Buy's competitive strategy? Should it be classified models of PC monitors, digital media players, and other electronics are fully powered and ready for in-store use. Best Buy's Geek squad tech support and installation services are additional customer service features valued by many customers. as a low-cost provider strategy? A differentiation strategy? A best-cost strategy? Explain your answer. 3. t USAA is a Fortune 500 insurance and financial services company with 2018 annual revenues exceeding $30 billion. The company was founded in 1922 by 25 Army officers who decided to insure each other's vehicles and continues to limit its membership to active duty and retired military members, officer candidates, and adult children and spouses of military- affiliated USAA members . The company has received countless awards, including being listed among Fortune's World's Most Admired Companies in 2014 through 2019 and 100 Best Companies to Work For in 2010 through 2019. You can read more about the company's history and strategy at www.usaa.com. How would you characterize USAA's competitive strategy? Should it be classified as a low-cost provider strategy? A differentiation strategy? A best-cost strategy? Also, has the company chosen to focus on a narrow piece of the market, or does it appear to pursue a broad market approach? Explain your answer.
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Creating an endowment
On completion of her LETU Principles of Finance course, Marla Lee was so pleased with the
amount of useful and interesting knowledge she gained that she convinced her parents, who
were wealthy alumni of the university she was attending, to create an endowment. The
endowment will provide for three students from low-income families to take the introductory
finance course each year in perpetuity. The cost of taking the finance course this year is
$1500 per student (or $4500 for 3 students), but that cost will grow by 2% per year forever.
Marla’s parents will create the endowment by making a single payment to the university
today. The university expects to earn 8% per year on these funds.
a) How much will Marla’s parents have to give the university today to fund the endowment
if it starts paying out cash flow next year?
b) What amount would be needed to fund the endowment if the university could earn 12%
rather than 8% per year on the funds?
**Use Excel, show formula
To calculate the amount Marla's parents would need to give the university to fund the endowment, we can use the present value formula. Given that the cost per student is $1,500 this year and will grow by 2% annually, and the university expects to earn a return of 8% per year on the funds, we can calculate the present value as follows:
a) Calculation with an 8% return:
PV = CF / (1 + r) + CF / (1 + r)^2 + CF / (1 + r)^3 + ...
PV = $4,500 / (1 + 0.08) + $4,500 / (1 + 0.08)^2 + $4,500 / (1 + 0.08)^3 + ...
PV = $4,500 / 1.08 + $4,500 / 1.08^2 + $4,500 / 1.08^3 + ...
PV = $4,166.67 + $3,858.02 + $3,576.84 + ...
PV = $11,601.06 (rounded to the nearest cent)
Therefore, Marla's parents would need to give the university approximately $11,601.06 today to fund the endowment if it starts paying out cash flow next year.
b) Calculation with a 12% return:
PV = CF / (1 + r) + CF / (1 + r)^2 + CF / (1 + r)^3 + ...
PV = $4,500 / (1 + 0.12) + $4,500 / (1 + 0.12)^2 + $4,500 / (1 + 0.12)^3 + ...
PV = $4,500 / 1.12 + $4,500 / 1.12^2 + $4,500 / 1.12^3 + ...
PV = $4,017.86 + $3,581.63 + $3,191.57 + ...
PV = $10,791.06 (rounded to the nearest cent)
Therefore, if the university could earn 12% per year on the funds, Marla's parents would need to give approximately $10,791.06 today to fund the endowment.
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