The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum of the occipital bone to the

Answer:

Explanation:

enetic engineering, the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms. The term genetic engineering is generally used to refer to methods of recombinant DNA technology, which emerged from basic research in microbial genetics. The techniques employed in genetic engineering have led to the production of medically important products, including human insulin, human growth hormone, and hepatitis B vaccine, as well as to the development of genetically modified organisms such as disease-resistant plants.

Historical developments

The term genetic engineering initially referred to various techniques used for the modification or manipulation of organisms through the processes of heredity and reproduction. As such, the term embraced both artificial selection and all the interventions of biomedical techniques, among them artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization (e.g., “test-tube” babies), cloning, and gene manipulation. In the latter part of the 20th century, however, the term came to refer more specifically to methods of recombinant DNA technology (or gene cloning), in which DNA molecules from two or more sources are combined either within cells or in vitro and are then inserted into host organisms in which they are able to propagate.

The possibility for recombinant DNA technology emerged with the discovery of restriction enzymes in 1968 by Swiss microbiologist Werner Arber. The following year American microbiologist Hamilton O. Smith purified so-called type II restriction enzymes, which were found to be essential to genetic engineering for their ability to cleave a specific site within the DNA (as opposed to type I restriction enzymes, which cleave DNA at random sites). Drawing on Smith’s work, American molecular biologist Daniel Nathans helped advance the technique of DNA recombination in 1970–71 and demonstrated that type II enzymes could be useful in genetic studies. Genetic engineering based on recombination was pioneered in 1973 by American biochemists Stanley N. Cohen and Herbert W. Boyer, who were among the first to cut DNA into fragments, rejoin different fragments, and insert the new genes into E. coli bacteria, which then reproduced.

Process and techniques

Most recombinant DNA technology involves the insertion of foreign genes into the plasmids of common laboratory strains of bacteria. Plasmids are small rings of DNA; they are not part of the bacterium’s chromosome (the main repository of the organism’s genetic information). Nonetheless, they are capable of directing protein synthesis, and, like chromosomal DNA, they are reproduced and passed on to the bacterium’s progeny. Thus, by incorporating foreign DNA (for example, a mammalian gene) into a bacterium, researchers can obtain an almost limitless number of copies of the inserted gene. Furthermore, if the inserted gene is operative (i.e., if it directs protein synthesis), the modified bacterium will produce the protein specified by the foreign DNA.

A subsequent generation of genetic engineering techniques that emerged in the early 21st century centred on gene editing. Gene editing, based on a technology known as CRISPR-Cas9, allows researchers to customize a living organism’s genetic sequence by making very specific changes to its DNA. Gene editing has a wide array of applications, being used for the genetic modification of crop plants and livestock and of laboratory model organisms (e.g., mice).

The correction of genetic errors associated with disease in animals suggests that gene editing has potential applications in gene therapy for humans. Gene therapy is the introduction of a normal gene into an individual’s genome in order to repair a mutation that causes a genetic disease. When a normal gene is inserted into a mutant nucleus, it most likely will integrate into a chromosomal site different from the defective allele; although this may repair the mutation, a new mutation may result if the normal gene integrates into another functional gene. If the normal gene replaces the mutant allele, there is a chance that the transformed cells will proliferate and produce enough normal gene product for the entire body to be restored to the undiseased phenotype.

Applications

Genetic engineering has advanced the understanding of many theoretical and practical aspects of gene function and organization. Through recombinant DNA techniques, bacteria have been created that are capable of synthesizing human insulin, human growth hormone, alpha interferon, a hepatitis B vaccine, and other medically useful substances. Plants may be genetically adjusted to enable them to fix nitrogen, and genetic diseases can possibly be corrected by replacing dysfunctional genes with normally functioning genes.

Answer:

Increase

Explanation:

Since it let the plants decay there, most probably the soil quality increased, and just like the person above me said, that is the answer if there is no missing information.

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All of the above. That is option D.

Due to urbanisation and increase in production size, there has been increase in the use of fuel energy for scientific advancement which has led to the following effects on the society:

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The choice that best describes how rice was modified to create golden rice is genes from daffodils were added to rice that code for increased vitamin A production.

A transgenic organism is an organism whose genome has been changed by the addition of a gene from another species.

Transgenic organism is formed as a result of the process of genetic recombination to produce organisms with better traits.

Therefore, the choice that best describes how rice was modified to create golden rice is genes from daffodils were added to rice that code for increased vitamin A production.

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Such a planting pattern will reduce the need for nitrogen-based fertilizers.

It is a system of farming in which crops of differing characteristics are planted alternately in two consecutive seasons.

For example, planting corn this season and beans the following season is a kind of crop rotation.

By doing so, the need for nitrogen-based fertilizer is reduced because legume crops are able to fix nitrogen into the soil through the association of their root nodules with ceratin nitrogen-fixing microbes.

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Answer:

the cats would be tailess

Explanation:

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Answer:

There would be more soil erosion and global warming

Explanation:

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Answer:

sand soil

Explanation:

has the gratest percentage

Answer:

D.

Photosynthesis releases energy from glucose during daylight, and cellular respiration stores energy as glucose at night.

Explanation:

All of the following are parts of the nephron except the glomerular capsule and is denoted as option A.

This is defined as the functional unit of the kidney and comprises of various parts such as the collecting duct etc.

The nephron however doesn't have a glomerular capsule as this is found at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron.

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In cellular respiration, break down of glucose into carbon dioxide and water takes place. In this process, ATP is produced directly in the reactions that transform glucose.

Cellular respiration is the process of combining oxygen with food molecules and then changing the chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining activities and removing carbon dioxide and water as a by-product.

The process of cellular respiration involves:

The equation of cellular respiration is as follows:

[tex]C_{6} H_{12}O_{6} + 6O_{2}------- > 6CO_{2}+6H_{2}O+energy[/tex]

Thus, the given formula for cellular respiration is not true.

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Answer:

Most plants contain a special colored chemical or pigment called chlorophyll that is used in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is what absorbs the sun's energy and turns it into chemical energy. Not all the light energy from the sun is absorbed. Sunlight has many different colors in it.

Explanation:

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Answer:

Your answer is B: The population would increase.

Explanation:

Since the increased fish population would cause a decrease in the prawn population.

Answer:

The main difference is that fission is the splitting of a heavy, unstable nucleus into two smaller nuclei, while fusion reactions involve combining two light nuclei together.

Answer:

c is the answer

Explanation: its the answer

Answer:

It goes to the right in the northern hempisphere

Answer:

A.

Explanation:

It's caused by the absence of an enzyme that helps break down fatty substances. These fatty substances, called gangliosides, build up to toxic levels in the brain and spinal cord and affect the function of the nerve cells

Answer:

B

Explanation:

If variations are better suited to the enviro, you are more likely to thrive

Variations best suited to the environment, is the characteristic that would be most likely to help a species survive according to Darwin's theory.  Therefore, option (B) is correct.

According to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, individual species with variations best suited to the environment are most likely to survive and pass on their advantageous traits to their offspring. This is because individuals with beneficial traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those advantageous traits to their offspring, leading to the evolution of the species over time.

The other options are not necessarily advantageous for survival. For example, having the smallest number of offspring (option A) may not necessarily be an advantage in all situations, and characteristics acquired by use and disuse (option C) are not inherited and therefore cannot be passed on to offspring. Mutations (option D) can be beneficial or harmful, and their survival depends on their effect on the organism's ability to survive and reproduce in their environment.

Therefore, option B, variations best suited to the environment, is the characteristic that would be most likely to help a species survive according to Darwin's theory.

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Answer: sulfur dioxide

Explanation:

Answer:

In the first step, ultraviolet sunlight breaks apart an oxygen molecule to form two separate oxygen atoms. In the second step, each atom then undergoes a binding collision with another oxygen molecule to form an ozone molecule.

Answer:

The ozone layer.

Explanation:

Stratosphere, the layer above troposphere possess the ozone layer.

Answer:

the ozone layer

Explanation:

The Proclamation Line of 1763 was the physical feature which made it difficult for the american colonists to expand westward.

This is referred to an individual which colonizes or settles in a new area at a point in time.

The Proclamation Line of 1763 was a boundary marked in the Appalachian Mountains at the Eastern Continental Divide which prohibited Anglo-American colonists from settling on lands in the east region.

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Answer:

HMS Beagle

Explanation:

The name of the ship

Answer:

Independent variable - time. Dependent variable - the distance moved by the bubble along the capillary tube. Control variables - temperature, air flow or draughts, adequate supply of water.