The Payback Period is widely used as a metric for deciding on whether to take a project. However, it has a number of significant problems. One of the downsides of using the payback period is that it ignores potentially large cashflows which occur later in the project’s life.
The metric is designed to measure the length of time it takes to recoup an initial investment based solely on the project's cash inflows and outflows. Therefore, it fails to account for any cash flows that occur beyond the time period needed to recover the initial investment.
This may lead to incorrect decision making for long-term investments. The metric is also simplistic and ignores the time value of money, as it does not factor in the opportunity cost of investing in one project over another. Hence, it is a flawed metric and should be used with caution while making financial decisions.
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1. The social media has become a tool for today’s marketing. Figure out TWO (2)
advantages of social media in promoting business. (answer shoul be 100 word)
2. Technology always related to the society. Classify with relevant example THREE (3)
impact of technology towards society. (maximum 150 word)
Advantages of Social Media in Promoting Business:
1. Increased Brand Visibility: Social media platforms provide businesses with an opportunity to reach a vast audience and increase brand visibility. By creating engaging content and leveraging targeted advertising features, businesses can effectively promote their products or services to a specific target market.
2. Enhanced Customer Engagement: Social media facilitates direct and immediate communication between businesses and their customers. Through social media platforms, businesses can respond to customer inquiries, address concerns, and gather feedback in real-time.
Impacts of Technology on Society:
1. Increased Connectivity: Technology, particularly the internet and social media, has revolutionized the way people communicate and connect.
2. Access to Information: Technology has significantly increased access to information and knowledge.
3. Economic Growth and Efficiency: Technological advancements have had a profound impact on economic growth and efficiency.
Overall, technology has reshaped society by promoting connectivity, democratizing information, and driving economic progress
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An individual who wants others to pay for public goods, but plans to use those goods for their own purposes, is often referred to as a _____________________.
A. tax evader
B. excludable
C. free rider
D. nonexcludable
A free rider is an individual who benefits from public goods and services but does not contribute to their funding or provision.
The correct is C. Free rider
A free rider is an individual who benefits from public goods and services but does not contribute to their funding or provision. Free riders are frequently seen as a form of market failure.
They represent a situation in which people do not pay the full cost of a good or service, resulting in an under-provision of that good or service. Public goods and services are often non-excludable, which means that it is difficult to prevent individuals from using them once they are provided. As a result, free riding is a significant issue in public policy.
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What would your answers be if a. your tutor asked you to tell the class what you understand by the term performance management? marks b. you were further asked to identify and summarize three of the six basic features of performance management? marks
The term Performance management can be defined as an ongoing communication process that involves both the employee and the supervisor and seeks to maintain and enhance the workforce's effectiveness by improving job performance, encouraging the acquisition of knowledge and abilities, and enhancing the overall job satisfaction
The six basic features of performance management are as follows:
1. Planning: It involves defining performance standards, expectations, and goals, as well as outlining the measures required to accomplish them.
2. Feedback: Performance management is founded on a two-way interaction process between employees and managers. Feedback promotes professional development, supports workers, and recognizes accomplishments.
3. Monitoring: It involves ongoing tracking of performance levels against predefined expectations, standards, and benchmarks. This is accomplished by monitoring the behavior of employees, tracking their work quality, and analyzing the outcomes for compliance and advancement.
4. Rating: Performance management systems, in general, include the rating of an employee's performance. This is done to determine employee eligibility for promotions, salary increases, bonuses, and other benefits.
5. Training: Employee training and development programs are frequently integrated into a performance management system. This helps to enhance employee skills and capabilities while also ensuring that employees are prepared for new job responsibilities.
6. Rewards: Rewards systems are used to encourage employees to improve their performance by recognizing and rewarding outstanding work. This could include monetary compensation, promotions, awards, or other forms of acknowledgment.
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TRUE / FALSE. Without a clear picture of its target market, a small company will try to reach almost everyone and usually ends up appealing to almost no one. Select one O True False
The statement "Without a clear picture of its target market, a small company will try to reach almost everyone" is true without a clear picture of its target market, a small company is more likely to struggle in appealing.
When a small company does not have a clear understanding of its target market, it often lacks focus and direction in its marketing efforts. Without identifying and understanding the specific needs, preferences, and characteristics of its target market, the company may attempt to appeal to a broad and diverse audience.
However, by trying to reach everyone, the company dilutes its messaging and fails to effectively communicate its value proposition to any particular group.
Effective marketing requires a deep understanding of the target market, including their demographics, behaviors, and needs. By defining a specific target market, a small company can tailor its products, services, and marketing strategies to meet the needs and preferences of that particular group.
This focused approach allows the company to differentiate itself, establish a strong brand identity, and build meaningful connections with its target customers, increasing the likelihood of success and customer loyalty.
Therefore, without a clear picture of its target market, a small company is more likely to struggle in appealing to its intended audience and may fail to establish a strong market presence.
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Six former students Ann, Bob, Carl, Dora, Ed, and Fran are the contestants in a new reality TV show. They are placed on an island. The rules of the game are as follows. Ann goes first. She is given a bag that everyone knows contains six gold coins. Ann makes a proposal of how to allocate the six coins among the six contestants including herself. The contestants (including Ann) then vote "yes" or "no" on the proposal. If the proposal gets more than half the votes then the coins are allocated according to the proposal and everyone leaves the island. If the proposal gets half or fewer than half the votes then Ann has to leave the island empty-handed and she is out of the game.
In this case, the bag of six gold coins passes to Bob. He gets to make a proposal of how to allocate the coins among the remaining contestants (that is, including Bob but excluding Ann) and the remaining contestants (that is, including Bob but excluding Ann) then vote. As before, if the proposal gets more than half the votes then the coins are allocated according to the proposal and everyone leaves the island. If the proposal gets half or fewer than half the votes then Bob has to leave the island empty-handed and is out of the game. In this case, the bag of six gold coins passes to Carl. And so on, with the same voting rules, with each failed proposal leading to expulsion of the proposer, and with the role of proposer being passed on alphabetically.
The following assumptions matter. The coins are indivisible, there is no other money on the island, and side contracts to make payments of the island are not allowed. There are no abstentions; each surviving voter must vote yes or no: whenever a voter is indifferent, she or he votes no. A player only cares about the number of gold coins she or he gets to leave the island with (and this is common knowledge). For example, leaving empty handed because your proposal fails is the same as leaving empty-handed because a successful proposal gives you no coins. Finally: it is common knowledge that all the contestants were well trained in game theory.
What proposal should Ann make and why?
By proposing an equal distribution of the coins, Ann maximizes her chances of getting a positive vote from the other contestants. Each contestant would receive the same number of coins, which eliminates any incentives for the others to reject the proposal.Ann should propose to allocate one gold coin to each contestant, including herself.
If Ann proposed to allocate more coins to herself or favored certain contestants over others, it would create a sense of inequality and potentially lead to the rejection of her proposal. Each contestant understands that if they reject the proposal, they risk being expelled from the game with no coins at all. Therefore, they would be inclined to accept an equal distribution that guarantees them at least one coin.
By proposing an equal allocation, Ann ensures that the proposal will receive more than half the votes, securing the allocation of the coins according to her proposal. This allows her to leave the island with one gold coin, as well as the other contestants.
Ann's proposal aligns with the rational behavior expected from well-trained contestants in game theory. It takes into account the self-interest of each individual and strategically addresses the voting dynamics of the game, maximizing her chances of success and leaving the island with a fair share of the coins.
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A company is analyzing a project and has determined that the initial cost will be $810,000 and the required rate of return needs to be 13.4 percent. The project has a 60 percent chance of success and a 40 percent chance of failure. If the project fails, it will generate an annual after-tax cash flow of $172,000. If the project succeeds, the annual after-tax cash flow will be $315,000. The company has further determined that if the project fails, it will shut the project down after the first year and sell the equipment for the after-tax salvage value of $204,000. If however, the project is a success, the company can expand it with no additional investment and increase the after-tax cash flow to $350,000 a year for Years 2-5. At the end of Year 5, the project would be terminated and have no salvage value. What is the expected net present value of this project at Time 0? a.$45,037.53 b.$54,094.31 c.$63,601.09 d.$73,107.87 O e.$82,614.65
The expected net present value of the project at Time 0 is -$49,600.
None of the given answer options match the calculated value, so there may be an error in the options provided.
To calculate the expected net present value (NPV) of the project, we need to determine the present value of the expected cash flows and subtract the initial cost.
For the project to fail:
- The after-tax cash flow in Year 1 is $172,000.
- The salvage value at the end of Year 1 is $204,000.
- The net cash flow in Year 1 is -$810,000 (initial cost) + $172,000 (cash flow) + $204,000 (salvage value) = $566,000.
For the project to succeed:
- The after-tax cash flows in Years 1-5 are $350,000.
- The net cash flow in each year is -$810,000 (initial cost) + $350,000 (cash flow) = -$460,000.
Now, let's calculate the expected net present value:
Probability of success = 60%
Probability of failure = 40%
Expected cash flow at Time 0:
= (Probability of success * Net cash flow for success) + (Probability of failure * Net cash flow for failure)
= (0.6 * (-$460,000)) + (0.4 * $566,000)
= -$276,000 + $226,400
= -$49,600
Using the required rate of return of 13.4%, we can calculate the present value of the expected cash flow:
Present value = Expected cash flow / (1 + Required rate of return)^n
where n is the number of years.
Present value = -[tex]$49,600 / (1 + 0.134)^0[/tex]
= -$49,600
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Peter is an accountant working in a famous automotive company. He is always spreading the culture which allows legal counsel and audit offices to take appropriateaction to enforce and ensure compliance with the law and with internal codes. Which of the following culture best describes Peter's situation?
O A. A compliance-based culture
O B. An integrity-based culture
O C. A customer-based culture
O D. A values-based culture
The compliance-based culture best describes Peter's situation. The correct option is A.
In this type of culture, legal counsel and audit offices take appropriate action to enforce and ensure compliance with the law and internal codes. This is evident in the actions and words of Peter, who works to spread this culture in the company. This culture requires strict adherence to laws, regulations, and policies to minimize risk and maintain a positive public image.
This culture has a very high compliance and risk management orientation that aims to detect, prevent and mitigate risk in the business operations. The compliance-based culture encourages organizations to conduct business ethically and within the laws and regulations governing the industry.
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Burak's grandparents have made him two offers. The first offer includes annual cash flows of $10,000, $12,000, and $13,000 at the end of each of the next three years, respectively. The other offer is the payment of one lump sum amount today. The discount rate is 10 percent and Burak is trying to decide which offer to accept. What is the minimum amount that he will accept today if he is going to choose the lump sum offer? (Do not round Intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 12.47.)
If Burak is going to choose the lump sum offer, the minimum amount he would accept today should be at least $29,756.20.
Burak's grandparents have offered him two options: a series of annual cash flows over the next three years and a lump sum payment today. To compare the two offers, we calculate the present value of the cash flows from the first offer using a discount rate of 10 percent. The present value of each cash flow is determined by dividing the cash flow by the discount rate plus 1 raised to the power of the number of periods.
To determine the minimum amount that Burak would accept today for the lump sum offer, we need to calculate the present value of the cash flows from the first offer using a discount rate of 10 percent.
The present value (PV) of each cash flow can be calculated using the formula:
PV = CF / (1 + r)^n,
where CF is the cash flow, r is the discount rate, and n is the number of periods.
For the first offer, the cash flows are $10,000, $12,000, and $13,000 at the end of each of the next three years, respectively. We can calculate the present value of each cash flow as follows:
PV1 = $10,000 / (1 + 0.10)^1 = $9,090.91,
PV2 = $12,000 / (1 + 0.10)^2 = $9,917.36,
PV3 = $13,000 / (1 + 0.10)^3 = $10,747.93.
Now, we need to sum up these present values to find the total present value of the cash flows from the first offer:
Total PV = PV1 + PV2 + PV3 = $9,090.91 + $9,917.36 + $10,747.93 = $29,756.20.
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nina bought 150 shares of nbc universal stock at $22.885 per share. the broker charged a flat fee of $22.05 for the brokerage commission. what is the average cost per share (include brokerage fee) to the nearest cent?
The average cost per share, including the brokerage fee, is approximately $23.03.
We need to consider the total cost (including the brokerage fee) and divide it by the number of shares. The total cost of the shares can be calculated as follows:
Total Cost = (Number of Offers * Cost per Offer) + Business Charge
Number of Shares = 150
Cost per Shares = $22.885
Brokerage Fee = $22.05
Total Cost = (150 * $22.885) + $22.05
Total Cost = $3432.75 + $22.05
Total Cost = $3454.80
Presently, how about we ascertain the typical expense per share:
Average Cost per Share = Total Cost / Number of Shares
Average Cost per Share = $3454.80 / 150
Average Cost per Share = $23.03 (rounded to the nearest cent)
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Consider that you are the safety professional on a large construction project. Currently, you have scaffolds being used by the masons, you have ladders that are being used by the electricians and plumbers, and there are several excavations ongoing. If you look at the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards that require a competent person, would a site safety person be able to fill all of those responsibilities? Would the safety professional be the person with the most knowledge of the individual task? Explain.
A site safety professional may not be the person with the most knowledge of each individual task. The OSHA standards requiring a competent person for specific activities necessitate individuals with specialized knowledge and experience overseeing those tasks to ensure safety and regulatory compliance.
Collaboration between the site safety professional and competent persons is vital for comprehensive safety management on a construction project. In the scenario described, it is unlikely that a single site safety person would be able to fill all the responsibilities of a competent person for each specific task. The competent person, as defined by OSHA standards, is an individual who has the necessary knowledge, training, and experience to identify and correct potential hazards related to a specific task or operation.
Given the diverse nature of the tasks involved, such as scaffold use, ladder safety, and excavation work, it is essential to have individuals with specialized knowledge and expertise overseeing each activity. The masons' scaffold activities would require a competent person who is well-versed in scaffold safety and regulations. Similarly, the electricians and plumbers using ladders would require a competent person with expertise in ladder safety.
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Which of the following in NOT related to the Make (insource) or Buy (outsource) decision?
a) Insourcing is bringing a major business function in-house.
b) The backward flow of goods returned by consumers or retailers.
c) Buying goods or services instead of producing or providing them in-house.
d) Outsourcing is paying a supplier to perform a business function.
e) Reduction in control and expertise.
The answer is b) The backward flow of goods returned by consumers or retailers.
This statement refers to the process of handling product returns, which is not directly related to the Make or Buy decision. The Make or Buy decision involves determining whether to produce goods or services internally (insourcing) or to acquire them from external suppliers (outsourcing). It focuses on deciding whether to perform a particular business function in-house or to outsource it to a third-party supplier. The other options (a, c, d, e) all relate to the concept of Make or Buy decision-making and the associated considerations and consequences.
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Veronica secured a 6-year car lease at 5.90% compounded annually that required her to make payments of $886.84 at the beginning of each month. Calculate the cost of the car if she made a downpayment of $2,750.
Veronica secured a 6-year car lease at 5.90% compounded annually which required her to make payments of $886.84 at the beginning of each month.
Given, Amount of monthly payments made, R= $886.84 Annual interest rate, i = 5.9% Total time period of the lease, n = 6 years Payment is made at the beginning of each month.
Down payment = $2,750We need to calculate the cost of the car. In order to find the cost of the car, we first need to find the present value of all the payments made during the 6 years of the lease.
To calculate the present value of the payments made, we can use the formula for the present value of an annuity,
PV = R x (1 - (1 + i)^-n) / i
For monthly payments, the time period will be in months. As there are 12 months in a year, the total number of months will be 6 x 12 = 72.PV = 886.84 x (1 - (1 + 0.059 / 12)^-72) / (0.059 / 12)≈ 50,306.36
So, the present value of all the payments made during the 6 years of the lease is $50,306.36.Now, we can calculate the cost of the car by adding the down payment made to the present value of the payments.
Present value of payments + Down payment = Cost of car50,306.36 + 2,750 = 53,056.36
Therefore, the cost of the car is $53,056.36.
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Your factory has been offered a contract to produce a part for a new printer. The contract would last for three years, and your cash flows from the contract would be $5.04 million per year Your upfront setup costs to be ready to produce the part would be $7.96 million. Your discount rate for this contract is 8.2% a. What is the IRR? b. The NPV is $4.96 million, which is positive so the NPV rule says to accept the project. Does the IRR rule agree with the NPV rule?
a. The IRR ( Internal rate of return) of a factory that has been offered a contract to produce a part for a new printer is approximately 9.18%
b. Yes, IRR rule agrees with the NPV (Net present value) rule as the calculated IRR is more than the discount rate of 8.2%, indicating that the project is generating a return greater than the cost of capital. So, the project is acceptable according to both the NPV and IRR rules.
a.Using the IRR formula, we set the NPV (Net Present Value) equal to zero and solve for the discount rate:
NPV = 0 = -7.96 + 5.04/(1 + IRR) + 5.04/(1 + IRR)² + 5.04/(1 + IRR)³
By solving this equation, we find that the IRR is approximately 9.18%.
b. The NPV rule states that a project should be accepted if its NPV is positive. In this case, the NPV is $4.96 million, which is positive, indicating that the project should be accepted based on the NPV rule.
To determine if the IRR rule agrees with the NPV rule, we compare the IRR to the discount rate. If the IRR is greater than the discount rate, the project is considered acceptable. In this case, the IRR is 9.18%, which is higher than the discount rate of 8.2%.
Therefore, both the IRR rule and the NPV rule agree in recommending the acceptance of the project.
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What is the First Contact & Negotiation and Buyer DueDilience
During Negotiation on Disney and 21st century fox?
Due
Dilience*
The first contact and negotiation phase involved the initial discussions and negotiations between Disney and 21st Century Fox, while buyer due diligence was a comprehensive evaluation process conducted by Disney to assess the target company's financial and operational aspects during the negotiation phase.
In the context of the negotiations between Disney and 21st Century Fox, the first contact and negotiation phase refers to the initial interaction and discussions between the two parties regarding a potential business deal. This phase involves establishing contact, expressing interest, and initiating negotiations to explore the possibility of an agreement.
During this stage, representatives from both Disney and 21st Century Fox would have engaged in discussions to outline the terms and conditions of the potential deal. This could include aspects such as the scope of the transaction, the valuation of assets, the structure of the agreement, and any other relevant terms that need to be addressed.
Buyer due diligence is a critical part of the negotiation process. It involves conducting a thorough examination and evaluation of the target company's financial, legal, operational, and commercial aspects. In the case of Disney's negotiation with 21st Century Fox, buyer due diligence would have involved Disney conducting a comprehensive analysis of various aspects of 21st Century Fox's business, such as its assets, liabilities, contracts, intellectual property, market position, and potential risks and opportunities.
By conducting buyer due diligence, Disney would have gained a deeper understanding of 21st Century Fox's business operations, financial health, and potential synergies with its own operations. This information would have been crucial for Disney to assess the feasibility and value of the deal, negotiate favorable terms, and make an informed decision regarding the acquisition.
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(Treatment of goodwill) P, Q and Rare partners sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 5: 3:2. Q retires and the goodwill of the firm is valued at $ 9,000. Goodwill already appearing in the books at $ 10,000. P and R will share the future profits in the ratio of 4: 1. Pass necessary journal entries for the treatment of goodwill.
Their share of goodwill will be calculated in the same ratio. P’s share = 4/5 × $1,000 = $800 and R’s share = 1/5 × $1,000 = $200
The necessary journal entries for the treatment of goodwill can be as follows:
Particulars Debit Credit Goodwill
A/c $10,000 Realization
A/c $1,500 Q’s capital
A/c $4,500P’s capital
A/c $2,000 R’s capital
A/c $1,000.
To Q’s capital A/c $8,000 (Note: Q’s capital account is being credited with $8,000 instead of $9,000, as he is going out of the firm. Hence, he will not be entitled to his share of goodwill.)
Explanation:
Goodwill already appearing in the books = $10,000
Value of the goodwill of the firm = $9,000
Goodwill is reduced by $1,000 ($10,000 – $9,000).
This reduction in the value of goodwill is shared in the sacrificing ratio of the partners i.e., 5:3:2.
Therefore, Q’s share is $4,500 (5/10 × $9,000).
Q’s share in the loss due to reduction in the value of goodwill will be debited to his capital account.
P and R will share future profits in the ratio of 4:1.
Hence, their share of goodwill will be calculated in the same ratio.
P’s share = 4/5 × $1,000 = $800
R’s share = 1/5 × $1,000 = $200
These amounts will be debited to their respective capital accounts.
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In 2021, the OECD reached an agreement about a global minimum tax rate for MNEs of 15 %. Why is this agreement understood as a milestone in the fight against tax avoidance? What are the implications of the global minimum tax rate from a transfer pricing perspective? Provide an example.
The agreement reached by the OECD on a global minimum tax rate of 15% for multinational enterprises (MNEs) is considered a significant milestone in the fight against tax avoidance for several reasons:
1. Closing tax loopholes: The global minimum tax rate helps to close tax loopholes that allow MNEs to shift profits to low-tax jurisdictions or engage in aggressive tax planning strategies. By establishing a minimum tax rate, it ensures that MNEs cannot artificially reduce their tax liabilities by taking advantage of tax havens or jurisdictions with very low tax rates.
2. Leveling the playing field: The agreement aims to create a more level playing field by reducing tax competition among countries. When some countries offer very low tax rates to attract MNEs, it creates an unfair advantage for those companies and disadvantages others. The global minimum tax rate helps to address this issue by setting a baseline tax rate that MNEs need to meet, regardless of where they operate.
3. Increased tax revenues: The agreement is expected to generate additional tax revenues for countries worldwide. MNEs will be required to pay a minimum amount of taxes, even if they operate in jurisdictions with lower tax rates. This helps to ensure that MNEs contribute their fair share of taxes to the countries where they generate profits, leading to a more equitable distribution of tax burdens.
From a transfer pricing perspective, the global minimum tax rate has implications for how MNEs structure their intercompany transactions to determine profits allocated to different entities within the group. Transfer pricing refers to the pricing of goods, services, and intangibles transferred within a multinational group.
An example can illustrate this:
Let's say an MNE has a subsidiary in Country A and another subsidiary in Country B. The subsidiary in Country A sells goods to the subsidiary in Country B. Under the transfer pricing rules, the MNE must determine an arm's length price for the transaction, which represents the price that unrelated parties would agree upon in a similar transaction.
If Country A has a tax rate of 20% and Country B has a tax rate of 10%, the MNE may have an incentive to set a higher price for the goods sold from Country A to Country B, allocating more profits to the lower-tax jurisdiction of Country B. This reduces the overall tax liability for the MNE.
However, with the implementation of the global minimum tax rate, the MNE cannot artificially shift profits to Country B by manipulating transfer prices. The MNE will be required to pay a minimum of 15% tax on the profits generated from the transaction, regardless of the tax rate in Country B. This ensures that the MNE cannot engage in aggressive transfer pricing practices to avoid taxes.
In summary, the global minimum tax rate agreement is seen as a milestone in the fight against tax avoidance as it closes loopholes, levels the playing field, and increases tax revenues. From a transfer pricing perspective, it limits the ability of MNEs to manipulate intercompany transactions to shift profits to low-tax jurisdictions.
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The agreement reached by the OECD on a global minimum tax rate of 15% for multinational enterprises (MNEs) is understood as a milestone in the fight against tax avoidance for several reasons.
Firstly, it aims to address the issue of profit shifting, where MNEs artificially shift their profits to low-tax jurisdictions to minimize their tax obligations. By establishing a global minimum tax rate, it creates a level playing field and prevents MNEs from engaging in aggressive tax planning strategies.
For example, let's say a multinational company operates in Country A and Country B. Country A has a higher tax rate of 25%, while Country B has a lower tax rate of 10%. Under the global minimum tax rate agreement, if the company tries to shift its profits from Country A to Country B to benefit from the lower tax rate, it would still be subject to the minimum tax rate of 15%. This discourages profit shifting and ensures that MNEs pay a fair share of taxes in each jurisdiction. Overall, the global minimum tax rate agreement is a significant step in combating tax avoidance, promoting tax fairness, and ensuring that MNEs contribute their fair share to the countries where they operate.
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Assume I investment; S = sales; P = income; then return on investment is O a. S/I O b. S/PXI O c. S/IX S/P d. P/S X S/I
The return on investment is the benefit that is realized from an investment in a company or a business.
The investment is generally measured by dividing the return earned on the investment by the cost of the investment. The most common measure of return on investment is the return on equity (ROE), which is calculated by dividing the net income of the business by the owner's equity in the business. In this case, if we assume that I = investment, S = sales, and P = income, then the return on investment is given by:S/IWe can also write the return on investment as: P/S X S/II = P/S X (S/I)Therefore, the correct answer is option D, P/S X S/I.
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Describe the three models of corporate social responsibility and how each provides management of ways to fulfill their responsibilities.
There are three main models of corporate social responsibility (CSR): the economic model, the philanthropic model, and the integrative model.
1. The economic model emphasizes that the primary responsibility of a business is to generate profits for its shareholders. However, this model recognizes the importance of obeying the law and engaging in ethical business practices.
2. The philanthropic model suggests that businesses should go beyond their economic responsibilities and actively contribute to social causes. This can include charitable donations, community development initiatives, and environmental conservation efforts.
3. The integrative model combines economic and social objectives by integrating CSR into the core business strategy. It emphasizes long-term sustainability, stakeholder engagement, and responsible business practices that align with social and environmental values.
Each model provides management with ways to fulfill their CSR responsibilities. The economic model ensures legal and ethical compliance while maximizing profits. The philanthropic model allows companies to contribute to society and improve their public image. The integrative model integrates CSR into business operations, fostering sustainability and stakeholder engagement for long-term success.
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"Beginning from the 1980s, the international bond market grew aggressively. It today constitutes a large share in the total outstanding of the global bond market. The international bond market is a market for bonds that are traded beyond national boundaries. They pull together investors from different countries." Identify the different types of international bonds available in international capital markets?
In international capital markets, there exists a variety of international bonds. Examples of these bonds encompass are Sovereign Bonds,Corporate Bonds,Supranational Bonds, Eurobonds, Foreign Bonds, Global Bonds, Brady Bonds,Green Bonds.
There are several different types of international bonds available in international capital markets. Some of the common types include:
Sovereign Bonds: These are bonds issued by national governments to raise funds for various purposes. They are backed by the full faith and credit of the issuing government. Corporate Bonds: These bonds are issued by multinational corporations or companies from one country to raise capital for their operations. They are typically denominated in a currency other than the domestic currency of the issuing company. Supranational Bonds: These bonds are issued by supranational organizations such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), or regional development banks like the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or the European Investment Bank (EIB). These bonds are aimed at financing projects with global or regional importance. Eurobonds: Eurobonds are bonds issued in a currency other than the currency of the country where the bond is issued. They are usually denominated in major currencies such as the euro, US dollar, or yen and are issued by corporations or governments to tap into international investor demand. Foreign Bonds: Foreign bonds are issued by a foreign entity in the domestic market of a particular country. For example, a company from Country A issuing bonds in the domestic market of Country B. These bonds are typically denominated in the currency of the country where they are issued. Global Bonds: Global bonds are issued and traded in multiple countries simultaneously. They are registered in different jurisdictions, allowing investors from various countries to participate in the issuance and trading of these bonds. Brady Bonds: Brady bonds are a type of international bond created in the late 1980s to help restructure the debt of emerging market countries. These bonds were issued as part of debt restructuring agreements and were typically denominated in US dollars. Green Bonds: Green bonds are bonds issued to finance environmentally friendly projects or initiatives. These bonds have gained popularity in recent years as a way to raise funds for sustainable and climate-focused projects.These are some of the different types of international bonds available in international capital markets. Each type has its own characteristics, risks, and features, catering to the diverse needs of investors and issuers in the global bond market.
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if a company's earnings before taxes (EBT) is 5000, and has a tax rate of 15%, while interest payments are 750 what is the company's net income? 3612.5 4887.5 4250 None of the above QUESTION 10 Which of the following is not a profitability ratio? Return on Assets Return on Equity Asset turnover ratio All of the above are profitability ratios QUESTION 11 If a company's days sales in receivables is 32 days what is their receivables turnover? 12.25x 14.37x 11.41x 12.67x
The company's receivables turnover is 11.41 times.
Company's net income is $4,250.
The formula for finding the net income of a company is given by;
Net Income = Earnings before Taxes - Taxes - Interest Payments
We have Earnings before Taxes (EBT) = $5000, Tax rate = 15% and Interest payments = $750.
Now we can find the taxes;Taxes = Tax rate * EBT= 0.15 * $5000 = $750
We will substitute the values into the formula for net income.
Net Income = Earnings before Taxes - Taxes - Interest Payments
Net Income = $5000 - $750 - $750
Net Income = $4250
Therefore, the company's net income is $4,250.
Answer: $4,250
Profitability ratios help in the assessment of a business's financial performance and its ability to generate earnings. There are various types of profitability ratios including; Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and Asset turnover ratio among others.
The correct answer is all of the above are profitability ratios. This is because all the given options (Return on Assets, Return on Equity, and Asset turnover ratio) are used in determining the financial performance of a business, hence all fall under the profitability ratios category.The formula for receivables turnover is given as follows;Receivables Turnover = Sales / Accounts Receivable
Days Sales in Receivables is given as;Days Sales in Receivables = 365 / Receivables Turnover
If the company's Days Sales in Receivables is 32 days, we can find the receivables turnover as follows;Days Sales in Receivables = 365 / Receivables Turnover
Receivables Turnover = 365 / Days Sales in Receivables
Receivables Turnover = 365 / 32
Receivables Turnover = 11.41
Therefore, the company's receivables turnover is 11.41 times.
Answer: 11.41x
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Consider scenario where the default risk for corporate bonds decreases, relative to US while the Treasury bonds. As a result, the demand curve for corporate bonds demand curve for US Treasury bonds O decreases; decreases O decreases; increases O increases; decreases O increases; increases
O increases; decreases, When the default risk for corporate bonds decreases relative to US Treasury bonds, the demand curve for corporate bonds will increase while the demand curve for US Treasury bonds will decrease.
This is because the risk for corporate bonds decreases as investors are more willing to invest in such bonds than in US Treasury bonds. The O increases, decreases as the demand curve for corporate bonds will increase while the demand curve for US Treasury bonds will decrease.
Being guaranteed by the American government, U.S. Treasury bonds are regarded as having zero default risk. These bonds are often sold at a loss and redeemed at face value when they reach maturity.
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According to Ulrich Beck, "We live in a risk society."
Risk society is "an inescapable structural condition of advanced industrialization."
He explains the risk society in the most straightforward sentence.
"…Everyone is connected…."
"I asked myself what concept would better define our age.
The answer was: risk. Risk touches life itself."
Ulrich Beck – Risk Society 1986
a. What is critical about this theory? Why are we living in a risk
society? Please give examples.
(Please feel free to refer to your assigned companies and how they are
contributing to this risk society. Possible problems that you can refer to
changes according to industry. Here are some examples: fast fashion, pricecutting, unfair competition in the market, crunch culture, hype culture,
outsourcing problems, knowledge hegemony, data society, influencer
culture, cancel culture, technocracy…
b. Why is it essential that we have a macro and micro vision of the
world?
According to Ulrich Beck, the most crucial thing about his theory is that it implies that risks and hazards are no longer seen as limited to the scope of nation-states but are global.
In the contemporary era, risks and hazards are transnational. As a result, people need to be cautious, aware, and take risks seriously because risk is connected to life itself. Therefore, society is in a state of constant fear, uncertainty, and doubt, which fuels anxiety and stress.
According to Beck, we live in a risk society because everything in the world is connected, and the consequences of any human action are not limited to one area but have global impacts. For example, fast fashion contributes to the risk society because it relies on unsustainable production, leading to waste production and pollution.
Outsourcing problems and unfair competition in the market contribute to a risk society because they lead to environmental and social damages, and people can get hurt, resulting in irreversible damages.
A macro vision of the world is essential because it gives us an idea of the bigger picture. It helps us understand the changes happening in the world, analyze patterns, and anticipate future trends.
A micro vision of the world is also essential because it helps us understand the nuances of the world around us, the different perspectives people have, and the different experiences they face. Together, a macro and micro vision help us understand and navigate the world.
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the company's average gross profit ratio is 35%. what is the estimated cost of the lost inventory using the gross profit method?
The estimated cost of the lost inventory using the gross profit method is $22,750, based on a gross profit ratio of 35% and a cost of goods sold of $65,000.
The estimated cost of the lost inventory using the gross profit method is calculated by multiplying the gross profit ratio by the cost of goods sold.
To determine the estimated cost of the lost inventory, we need to consider the gross profit ratio, which is given as 35%. The gross profit ratio represents the percentage of sales revenue that remains after deducting the cost of goods sold.
Let's assume that the company's sales revenue is $100,000. From the gross profit ratio of 35%, we can determine that the cost of goods sold is 65% of the sales revenue ($100,000 * 0.65 = $65,000).
Now, if we want to estimate the cost of the lost inventory, we can apply the gross profit ratio to the cost of goods sold.
The estimated cost of the lost inventory would be 35% of $65,000, which equals $22,750.
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R.D. Kagen employs Audrey Lopez at a salary of $34,000 a year. Kagen is subject to employer Social Security taxes at a rate of 6.2% and Medicare taxes at a rate of 1.45% on Lopez's salary. In addition, Kagen must pay SUTA tax at a rate of 5.4% and FUTA tax at a rate of 0.6% on the first $7,000 of Lopez's salary.
Compute the total cost to Kagen of employing Lopez for the year.
Audrey Lopez is employed by R.D. Kagen at a salary of $34,000 per year. The employer social security tax is 6.2% of the salary, and the employer Medicare tax is 1.45% of the salary.
Additionally, Kagen must pay a state unemployment tax (SUTA) of 5.4% and a federal unemployment tax (FUTA) of 0.6% on the first $7,000 of Lopez's salary.The cost of employing Lopez for a year is calculated as follows:
Gross Salary = $34,000Employer Social Security Tax: $34,000 * 6.2% = $2,108Employer Medicare Tax: $34,000 * 1.45% = $493SUTA Tax: $34,000 * 5.4%
= $1,836FUTA Tax: $7,000 * 0.6%
= $42Total cost to Kagen of employing Lopez for the year
= Gross Salary + Employer Social Security Tax + Employer Medicare Tax + SUTA Tax + FUTA Tax
= $34,000 + $2,108 + $493 + $1,836 + $42
= $38,479Therefore, the total cost to Kagen of employing Lopez for the year is $38,479.
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A vertical long-run aggregate supply curve indicates that O policies that shift the aggregate demand will not change real GDP in the long run. O the nation's productive capacity will not change in the long run if real GDP changes. O real GDP tends not to grow in the long run. O output rates greater than the long-run supply constraint can never be achieved. O an increase in the price level will permit the economy to achieve a higher level of output.
Output rates greater than the long-run supply constraint can never be achieved.
A vertical long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve indicates that the nation's productive capacity, or the potential output level, does not change in the long run regardless of changes in the price level or aggregate demand.
The LRAS curve represents the maximum sustainable output that the economy can produce based on its resources, technology, and efficiency. Any attempt to push output beyond this level would be unsustainable and result in inflationary pressures or supply constraints.
The statement that "output rates greater than the long-run supply constraint can never be achieved" accurately reflects the characteristic of a vertical LRAS curve. It implies that the economy cannot sustainably produce a level of output beyond its long-run potential. While short-run fluctuations and adjustments can occur due to changes in aggregate demand, in the long run, the economy will settle at its potential output level determined by the available productive capacity. Therefore, policies that attempt to increase output beyond the long-run supply constraint would be unsustainable and likely result in inflationary pressures or other adverse consequences.
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Suppose the real interest rate is 3.35 percent and the inflation rate is 2.3 percent. What rate would you expect to see on a Treasury bill?
The real interest rate is 3.35% and the inflation rate is 2.3%, therefore the rate that we can expect to see on a Treasury bill is 5.65%.
Investment in Treasury bills is considered as a risk-free investment as it is backed by the government. The rate of return on a Treasury bill is usually lower compared to other investments with similar maturities. The reason being it is free of risk and offers a lower return to the investors. The rate that we can expect to see on a Treasury bill is known as the nominal interest rate.The nominal interest rate is given by the sum of the real interest rate and the inflation rate expressed in percentage. Mathematically,Nominal Interest Rate = Real Interest Rate + Inflation Rate Substituting the given values, we get;Nominal Interest Rate = 3.35% + 2.3%Nominal Interest Rate = 5.65%.
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12.M&M and Taxes. Nagambie Farms Ltd can borrow at 6.7%. Nagambie currently has no debt, and the cost of equity is 12.9%. The current value of the firm is $595 000. What will be the value if Nagambie borrows $310 000 and uses the proceeds to repurchase shares? The corporate tax rate is 30%. LO 13.
$588,769 would be Nagambie Farms Ltd's value after borrowing $310,000 and repurchasing shares with the proceeds.
We must account for the effect of the tax shield from interest expenditure as well as the change in the capital structure when determining the valuation of Nagambie Farms Ltd after borrowing $310,000 and repurchasing shares with the proceeds.
1. Determine the interest cost:
Interest costs are calculated as Loaned Amount x Cost of Debt.
Interest costs equal $20,770 ($310,00 x 6.7%)
2. Determine the tax protection provided by interest expense:
Interest costs multiplied by the tax rate to calculate the tax shield: $20,770 x 30% = $6,231
3. Determine the company's new worth following the share repurchase:
Current value of the firm - Tax shield equals the new value of the company.
$595,000 - $6,231 = $588,769 is the new valuation of the company.
As a result, Nagambie Farms Ltd.'s worth after borrowing $310,000 and utilising the money to repurchase shares would be $588,769.
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A stock is expected to pay $1.35 next year, $1.45 in two years, and $1.56 in three years.
The future price in three years is expected to be $35.
If the investor wants to earn 9%, how much is he willing to pay for the stock today?
$27.03
$33.23
$30.39
$30.69
The investor would be willing to pay approximately $30.72 for the stock today. None of the provided answer choices match this value exactly, but the closest option is $30.69.
To calculate the present value of the stock, we need to discount the future cash flows (dividends) to their present value using the investor's required rate of return.Using the formula for the present value of a future cash flow, we can calculate the present value of each dividend as follows:
PV1 = $1.35 / (1 + 0.09)^1 = $1.24
PV2 = $1.45 / (1 + 0.09)^2 = $1.22
PV3 = $1.56 / (1 + 0.09)^3 = $1.23
Next, we calculate the present value of the future price of the stock in three years:
PV_price = $35 / (1 + 0.09)^3 = $27.03
Finally, we sum up the present values of all cash flows to get the total present value:
Total PV = PV1 + PV2 + PV3 + PV_price = $1.24 + $1.22 + $1.23 + $27.03 = $30.72
Therefore, the investor would be willing to pay approximately $30.72 for the stock today. None of the provided answer choices match this value exactly, but the closest option is $30.69.
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AppleBanana, Inc. has no debt outstanding and a total market value of 10 million baht. EBIT are projected to be 3 million baht if the economic conditions are normal. If there is a strong expansion in the economy, then EBIT will be 15 percent higher. If there is a recession, then EBIT will be 15 percent lower. The company is considering a 6 million baht debt issue at an interest rate of 8 percent. The proceeds will be used to repurchase shares of stock. There are currently 1,000,000 shares outstanding. The company has a tax rate of 25 percent. What is the EPS under a recession if the company goes through with recapitalisation? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to two decimal places, e.g., 32.16)
The Total Market Value of AppleBanana, Inc. = 10 million baht. Several shares outstanding = 1,000,000EBIT (if economic conditions are normal) = 3 million baht EBIT (if there is a substantial expansion in the economy) = 3 million * 0.15 = 0.45 million baht higher EBIT (if there is a recession) = 3 million * 0.15 = 0.45 million baht lower.
Proceeds from debt issue = 6 million baht Interest rate on debt issue = 8% Tax rate = 25%. The amount of the new repurchase will be the $6 million raised by the new debt, so $6 million/$30 = 200,000 shares will be repurchased. Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) = Sales – Variable Costs – Fixed Costs Earnings per share (EPS) = (Net Income – Preferred Dividends) / Total Common Shares Recession: The new EBIT will be 3,000,000 – (0.15 * 3,000,000) = 2,550,000 Interest = 0.08 * 6,000,000 = 480,000 Earnings before taxes = 2,550,000 – 480,000 = 2,070,000 Taxes = 2,070,000 * 0.25 = 517,500Net income = 2,070,000 – 517,500 = 1,552,500 Earnings per share (EPS) = (1,552,500 – 0) / (1,000,000 – 200,000) = 1.72. Thus, if the company goes through with recapitalization, the EPS under a recession is 1.72.
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Sappi Ltd. is a global company focused on providing dissolved wood pulp, paper pulp and other paper-based solutions to its direct and indirect customer base across more than 160 countries. Our dissolved wood pulp products are used worldwide by converters to create viscose fibre for fashionable clothing and textiles, acetate tow, pharmaceutical products as well as a wide range of consumer and household products.
Our market-leading range of paper products includes coated fine papers used by printers, publishers, and corporate end users in the production of books, brochures, magazines, and many other print publications. The wood and pulp need for our products are produced within Sappi Ltd. and from accredited suppliers.
Sappi Ltd. has a tradition of innovating and developing new products to meet local demand. As part of the strategy to rationalize declining business, focus on business where we have a competitive advantage and strengthen our balance sheet, we entered into an agreement to sell our nonperforming Mills in the Northern region. At the end of the financial year, we received approval from the competition commission and both transactions were realized in October and November of 2015.
b) The management of Sappi Ltd have approached you to prepare a paper on the important business environments which has an influence on Sappi’s operations.
As an AI language model, I can provide you with an overview of the important business environments that may influence Sappi Ltd's operations.
Economic Environment: The overall economic conditions of the countries where Sappi operates will impact its business. Factors such as GDP growth, inflation rates, exchange rates, and interest rates can affect Sappi's costs, pricing, and demand for its products. Market Environment: Sappi operates in the global market for dissolved wood pulp and paper products. It needs to monitor market trends, competition, and customer preferences to adjust its product offerings and marketing strategies accordingly.
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