(a) The presence of involuntary unemployment in the market can be seen at the level of the real wage W
(b) The locus of equilibrium employment along the passage of the price level P is given by the point (940/31, -15/31).
(a) The presence of involuntary unemployment in the market can be seen at the level of the real wage W* where the labor supply Ls exceeds labor demand La.
Mathematically, we can say that involuntary unemployment exists when W < W*, where W is the actual wage rate in the market.
In other words, when the wage rate is below the equilibrium wage rate, there will be excess labor supply and involuntary unemployment in the market.
In this scenario, workers are willing to work at the prevailing wage rate but employers are unable to provide jobs to all the workers.
(b) To find the locus of equilibrium employment along the passage of the price level P, we need to plot the labor supply curve and labor demand curve on the same graph.
The intersection point of these two curves gives us the equilibrium employment level E*.At any price level P, the labor supply is given by Ls = 20 + 2P.
And the labor demand can be calculated by solving the profit maximization problem of the producer, which gives us
La = 10 - 2P/3.
Equating these two expressions gives us the equilibrium employment level E* at price P as follows:
20 + 2P = 10 - 2P/3
62P/3 = -10
P = - 15/31 (This is the equilibrium price level P*).
Substituting P* in either the labor supply curve or the labor demand curve gives us the equilibrium employment level E* as follows:
Ls = 20 + 2P* = 20 + 2(- 15/31) = 940/31
La = 10 - 2P*/3 = 10 - 2(- 15/31)/3 = 1340/93
Therefore, the locus of equilibrium employment along the passage of the price level P is given by the point (940/31, -15/31).
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Suppose that you are the economic adviser to a local government in Central America that has to deal with a politically embarrassing shortage of affordable housing that was caused by rent controls that the government recently imposed. Your first suggestion is to get rid of the rent controls. Explain how and why rent controls (price ceilings) distort markets and what are some of the economic effects of rent controls. Since the politicians are unwilling to get rid of the rent controls, they offer you a list of suggestions to make housing more affordable: 1. Government provided housing 2. Tax deductions to renters 3. Tax breaks to construction companies who provide affordable housing. Explain the costs and benefits of each and which option would you suggest? Respond to the topic and to two other students' posts by name. Please respond using critical thinking and good communication skills. Include references when necessary to explain your viewpoints.
Rent controls, or price ceilings on rental housing, distort markets by creating imbalances between supply and demand. They artificially limit the maximum rent that landlords can charge, leading to several negative economic effects. My suggestion to address the shortage of affordable housing would be to remove the rent controls, as they exacerbate the problem rather than solving it.
Rent controls have several economic effects that contribute to housing market distortions. First, they reduce the incentive for landlords to maintain and improve rental properties. With capped rental prices, landlords may struggle to cover maintenance and repair costs, leading to a decline in the quality of housing over time.
Second, rent controls discourage the construction of new rental units. Developers and construction companies face reduced profitability due to the limited rental income they can generate. As a result, they have less incentive to invest in building new housing, exacerbating the shortage of affordable units.
Third, rent controls create market inefficiencies. With artificially low rents, demand for rental housing exceeds supply, leading to housing shortages and long waiting lists. This situation often results in a black market, where landlords charge higher rents under the table or demand additional fees, further undermining the intended goals of rent controls.
To illustrate the economic effects, let's consider a hypothetical example. Suppose there is a city with rent controls that cap rental prices at $800 per month for apartments. However, the market equilibrium rental price without rent controls would be $1,200 per month. This price reflects the balance between the demand for housing and the cost of providing it.
With rent controls in place, landlords may find it difficult to cover their costs and earn a reasonable return. Consequently, some landlords may choose to convert their rental units into other uses or let them fall into disrepair. The reduced supply of available housing leads to increased competition among renters, causing longer waiting lists and higher prices in the black market.
Rent controls distort housing markets by discouraging maintenance and new construction while creating imbalances between supply and demand. They often lead to housing shortages, decreased quality of housing, and the emergence of black markets. Removing rent controls is the most effective solution to address the shortage of affordable housing, as it allows market forces to determine rental prices and encourages investment in new housing supply.
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"I think you will see more unified manufacturing where a company does the hardware and software." (p. 14). This claim runs contrary to received wisdom that as industries evolve, organizations become modular rather than integrated. Do you agree with the quoted statement above? Why or why not?
The quoted statement above does not contradict the received wisdom that, as industries evolve, organizations become modular rather than integrated. Rather, it suggests a possible trend that may emerge in the future. Therefore, I partially agree with the statement.
The claim indicates that there will be more unified manufacturing where a company produces both hardware and software. This suggests that companies may become more integrated instead of separating into different components. However, it should be noted that industries tend to become modular companies as they evolve. As companies grow, they tend to divide their operations into different parts, with each part focusing on a specific task.
This is because modularization is often more efficient and effective, allowing for specialization and economies of scale in production. In contrast, the unified manufacturing approach suggested in the quote would require companies to perform a broader range of tasks, which may not be as efficient or effective as a more modular approach. Moreover, there are also benefits to outsourcing components to other organizations that specialize in that area. Overall, while the quoted statement suggests a potential trend that may emerge in the future, it does not contradict the received wisdom that industries tend to become more modular as they evolve.
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a. Describe how you implemented two INSTRUCTIONAL INTERACTION strategies.
b. How did you observe the children responding to you? Be specific.
a. Describe how you implemented two INSTRUCTIONAL INTERACTION strategies.1. Cooperative learning strategy: Cooperative learning is a teaching method in which students work together on a task. The members of the group will work together to achieve their academic goals.2.
Group discussion strategy: In a group discussion, students interact with each other, exchange ideas and ask questions to clarify their understanding. It is a technique that helps students to explore complex topics and concepts.b. How did you observe the children responding to you? Be specific. As a teacher, I observed the children responding positively to the strategies implemented. They were able to understand the concepts better when they worked together in a group and discussed the topics. They asked each other questions and explained the concepts to their peers, which helped them to clarify their understanding.
This led to better performance on their assessments and increased their confidence in their abilities. In group discussion, students were more comfortable to ask questions, give their opinions and were more engaged. They listened actively to each other and participated in the discussion. They were also able to learn from their peers' experiences and perspectives, which helped to broaden their understanding.
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Let's imagine a good friend of yours is planning to open a
restaurant and wants you to invest a significant amount of money in
their business.
Which financial statement(s) would be relevant to your d
a. The relevant proforma financial statements would include the proforma income statement, proforma cash flow statement, and proforma balance sheet to assess profitability, cash flow, and financial position.
b. I would ask the accountant about key assumptions in the financial projections, market analysis, and projected return on investment.
a. The relevant proforma financial statements that would be important in decision-making would include the proforma income statement, proforma cash flow statement, and proforma balance sheet.
The proforma income statement would provide insights into the expected revenue, expenses, and profitability of the restaurant business. It would help assess the potential for generating profits and the sustainability of the business model.
The proforma cash flow statement would provide information about the expected cash inflows and outflows, including operating activities, investments, and financing. It would help evaluate the cash flow position and determine the business's ability to meet its financial obligations.
b. When given the opportunity to ask the accountant three questions, some relevant questions to help make an informed decision could be:
1. What are the key assumptions and factors considered in preparing the proforma financial statements? This question would help understand the basis of the financial projections and identify any risks or uncertainties associated with the assumptions.
2. Can you provide details about the competitive landscape and market analysis? Understanding the market dynamics, target customer base, and competitive environment would help assess the potential demand and market viability of the restaurant.
3. What is the projected return on investment and the payback period? Knowing the expected return on investment and the time it would take to recoup the initial investment would provide insights into the profitability and financial feasibility of the business.
The complete question should be :
Let's imagine a good friend of yours is planning to open a restaurant and wants you to invest a significant amount of money in their business.
a. Which proforma financial statement(s) would be relevant to your decision making and why?
b. You are also given a chance to ask their accountant three questions to help you make the decision. What would you ask and why?
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In team dynamics, process losses are best described by which of the following A. resources expended toward team development and maintenance. B. knowledge lost when a team member leaves the organization. C. productivity losses that occur when individual members need to learn a new task D. information lost due to imperfect communication among team members.
In team dynamics, process losses are best described by the productivity losses that occur when individual members need to learn a new task. This is option C.
What are Process Losses?Process losses refer to the unproductive aspects of group functioning. They're the resources that the group employs but doesn't contribute to achieving its goals. Process losses are a result of inadequate or erroneous teamwork and communication.
Productivity losses when individual members require training on a new task are examples of process losses. Process losses are less noticeable when the group is successful because they aren't necessary.
Process gains are the product of group work that is more than the sum of its members' contributions. Synergy and the effect of team output are examples of process gains. They can result in process loss mitigation.
Hence, the answer is C.
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Commercial mortgage backed securities (CMBS)
backed by government-sponsored enterprises
(GSEs) consist entirely of mortgages from which of
the following property types?
retail
industrial
multifamily
office
Commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) backed by government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) can consist of mortgages from various property types, including retail, industrial, multifamily, and office properties
Retail properties refer to commercial spaces used for retail businesses, such as shopping malls, strip centers, or standalone stores. Industrial properties include warehouses, manufacturing facilities, and distribution centers. Multifamily properties are residential buildings with multiple units, such as apartment complexes or condominiums. Office properties encompass commercial spaces specifically designed for office use, including office buildings, business parks, or office condominiums.
CMBS backed by GSEs typically include a mix of these property types, as the GSEs aim to provide liquidity to the commercial real estate market by securitizing mortgages on various income-generating properties. The GSEs, such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, purchase these mortgages from lenders, pool them together, and issue securities backed by the cash flows from these underlying mortgages.
The inclusion of different property types in CMBS portfolios backed by GSEs helps diversify the risk for investors, as different property sectors may perform differently under changing economic conditions. This diversification is intended to enhance the credit quality and attractiveness of the CMBS to potential investors.
However, it is important to note that the composition of CMBS portfolios can vary over time and may be influenced by factors such as market conditions, GSE guidelines, and investor demand. Therefore, the specific property types included in a CMBS backed by GSEs can differ between different issuances and may be subject to market dynamics and investment strategies.
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Venus Apparel, a student-run clothing company based out of Queen's University, has the following financial information as of June 30, 2022, the ending of their fiscal year. • Cash ending balance is $45,000 • Buildings & Equipment ending balance is $105,846
Accounts Receivables ending balance is $15,000 Common Shares ending balance is $150,000 • Inventory ending balance is $30,000
Land ending balance is $278,193 Accounts Payable ending balance is $14,000 Retained Earnings ending balance is $155,039 Buildings & Equipment Accumulated Depreciation ending balance is $47,000
Wages Payable ending balance is $7,000
Short-Term Debt ending balance is $10,000 Taxes Payable ending balance is $5,000 Long-Term Mortgage ending balance is $48,500 10-Year Bond ending balance is $25,500 Interest Payable ending balance is $12,000 Additional note: Annual sales for the company is $250,000 a) Prepare a Balance Sheet for the company as of fiscal year end June 30, 2022. Ensure you categorize your accounts into Current and Non-Current Assets/Liabilities, and Shareholders' Equity. (6 marks) b) Calculate the day's receivables, debt to equity and the quick ratio for the company. How do each of these ratios help you understand a different part of the company, and what do they tell you? (6 marks)
a) **Balance Sheet as of June 30, 2022**:
Assets:
Current Assets:
- Cash: $45,000
- Accounts Receivable: $15,000
- Inventory: $30,000
- Wages Payable: $7,000
- Interest Payable: $12,000
Total Current Assets: $109,000
Non-Current Assets:
- Buildings & Equipment: $105,846
- Land: $278,193
- Buildings & Equipment Accumulated Depreciation: $47,000
- Long-Term Mortgage: $48,500
- 10-Year Bond: $25,500
Total Non-Current Assets: $410,039
Total Assets: $519,039
Liabilities:
Current Liabilities:
- Accounts Payable: $14,000
- Short-Term Debt: $10,000
- Taxes Payable: $5,000
Total Current Liabilities: $29,000
Total Liabilities: $29,000
Shareholders' Equity:
- Common Shares: $150,000
- Retained Earnings: $155,039
Total Shareholders' Equity: $305,039
Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity: $519,039
b) **Financial Ratios**:
- Days Receivables:
Days Receivables = (Accounts Receivable / Annual Sales) * 365 days
Days Receivables = ($15,000 / $250,000) * 365 days
Days Receivables = 21.9 days
The Days Receivables ratio measures the average number of days it takes for the company to collect its accounts receivable. In this case, Venus Apparel takes approximately 21.9 days to collect its receivables, indicating a relatively efficient collection process.
- Debt to Equity Ratio:
Debt to Equity Ratio = Total Debt / Shareholders' Equity
Debt to Equity Ratio = ($29,000 + $48,500 + $25,500) / $305,039
Debt to Equity Ratio = 0.252
The Debt to Equity ratio indicates the proportion of debt financing compared to equity financing. In this case, Venus Apparel has a debt to equity ratio of 0.252, suggesting that the company relies more on equity financing than debt financing.
- Quick Ratio:
Quick Ratio = (Current Assets - Inventory) / Current Liabilities
Quick Ratio = ($109,000 - $30,000) / $29,000
Quick Ratio = 2.72
The Quick Ratio, also known as the Acid-Test ratio, measures the company's ability to meet its short-term liabilities using its most liquid assets. A quick ratio of 2.72 indicates that Venus Apparel has a strong ability to cover its short-term obligations without relying heavily on inventory.
These financial ratios provide insights into different aspects of Venus Apparel's financial position. The Days Receivables ratio assesses the efficiency of accounts receivable collection, the Debt to Equity ratio evaluates the company's capital structure, and the Quick Ratio measures its short-term liquidity. By analyzing these ratios, stakeholders can better understand the company's financial health, operational efficiency, and risk management.
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The characteristics listed below apply either to active or passive margins. Select all the characteristics of active margins.
1.) Ocean trenches possible
2.) Represents a plate boundary
3.) Modified by tectonic movement and volcanoes
Active margins are characterized by the following features: Ocean trenches possible; represents a plate boundary; modified by tectonic movement and volcanoes. These characteristics apply to active margins.Active margins:Active margins are the areas of continental shelves that are within the boundaries of tectonic plates and are affected by plate motion.
It is located on the leading edge of the continent, near a tectonic plate boundary and is associated with high seismic and volcanic activity. The coastline in these regions is generally steep and rocky with a narrow continental shelf. These regions are marked by deep-sea trenches and steep, narrow continental shelves.Therefore, the correct option is:1.) Ocean trenches possible Represents a plate boundary Modified by tectonic movement and volcanoes
These characteristics apply to active margins.Active margins:Active margins are the areas of continental shelves that are within the boundaries of tectonic plates and are affected by plate motion. The coastline in these regions is generally steep and rocky with a narrow continental shelf. These regions are marked by deep-sea trenches and steep, narrow continental shelves.Therefore, the correct option is Ocean trenches possible Represents a plate boundary Modified by tectonic movement and volcanoes
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fill in the blanks with appropriate phrases from the table.
1- Market research
2- Market challenger
1- Al-Safi is .................. in dairy products in Saudi Arabia.
2- Focus group and consumers surveys are ways of conducting .......... .
1. Al-Safi is a market challenger in dairy products in Saudi Arabia.
2. Focus group and consumer surveys are ways of conducting market research.
1- Al-Safi is a market challenger in dairy products in Saudi Arabia: This means that Al-Safi is a company that competes with other existing players in the dairy products market in Saudi Arabia. As a market challenger, Al-Safi aims to gain a larger market share, increase its customer base, and challenge the dominance of other competitors in the industry.
2- Focus group and consumer surveys are ways of conducting market research: Market research is the process of gathering information about customers, competitors, and the overall market to make informed business decisions. Focus groups and consumer surveys are two common methods used to gather valuable insights from target customers.
Focus groups involve bringing together a small group of individuals to have a guided discussion about a particular product, service, or market. The participants share their opinions, preferences, and experiences, providing qualitative data that can help understand consumer behavior and preferences.
Consumer surveys involve collecting data through questionnaires or interviews to gather feedback directly from consumers. Surveys can be conducted through various channels, such as online surveys, phone interviews, or in-person questionnaires. This method provides quantitative data that can be analyzed statistically to identify trends, preferences, and market insights.
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Craigmont Company's direct materials costs are $4.500.000, its direct labor costs total $8.350,000, and its factory overhead costs total $6.350,000 its conversion costs total Mutiple Choice $12.850,00
Craigmont Company's direct materials costs are $4.500.000, its direct labor costs total $8.350,000, and its factory overhead costs total $6.350,000 its conversion costs is $14,700,000.
Conversion costs refer to the combination of direct labor costs and factory overhead costs incurred in the production process of a product. They are the expenses associated with converting raw materials into finished goods. By adding the direct labor costs and the factory overhead costs, you can determine the total conversion costs for a given production process. Conversion costs are important for businesses to understand the total cost of producing goods and to make informed decisions regarding pricing, profitability, and resource allocation.
To calculate conversion costs, you simply add the direct labor costs and the factory overhead costs.
Given:
Direct materials costs: $4,500,000
Direct labor costs: $8,350,000
Factory overhead costs: $6,350,000
Conversion costs = Direct labor costs + Factory overhead costs
Conversion costs = $8,350,000 + $6,350,000
Conversion costs = $14,700,000
Therefore, the conversion costs for Craigmont Company amount to $14,700,000.
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How is individual’s personality connected to their behaviour at
workplace? Why might this be of importance to a manager? Please
draw on personality model(s)
Individuals’ personalities have a significant impact on their behaviour at the workplace. Personality models such as the Big Five Personality Traits Model can be used to categorize employees based on their personalities and identify behaviours that are associated with specific personalities.
Individuals' personalities have a significant impact on their workplace behaviour. As a result, managers must consider individual personalities when dealing with employees to create a harmonious work environment that is conducive to productivity and success.In this context, personality models such as the Big Five Personality Traits Model can be used to categorize employees based on their personalities, which can then be used to identify behaviours that are associated with specific personalities.
The Big Five Personality Traits model is a widely accepted model that categorizes personalities into five main categories: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. Managers can use these models to identify employees' personalities and behaviours associated with each of them. This information is crucial to develop targeted employee development programs and provide feedback to employees about their behaviour at work.
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The Fed's Policies under Volcker In the years 1979 to 1982, under the leadership of Paul Volcker, the Fed adopted a tight money policy to reduce the nation's inflation rate. When the Fed adopted its tight money policy under Volcker's leadership, which curve shifted in the aggregate supply - aggregate demand model, and which way did it shift? Choose one answer below: O The aggregate demand curve shifted to the left. O The aggregate demand curve shifted to the right. O The aggregate supply curve shifted to the left. The aggregate supply curve shifted to the right
The aggregate supply curve shifted to the right.
When the Federal Reserve, under the leadership of Paul Volcker, implemented a tight money policy to combat high inflation rates, it aimed to reduce aggregate demand in the economy. The tight money policy involved increasing interest rates and reducing the money supply to restrain spending and curb inflationary pressures.
As a result of the tight money policy, the aggregate demand in the economy decreased. This was primarily due to higher borrowing costs and reduced availability of credit, which led to decreased consumer spending and business investment. However, the aggregate supply curve, representing the total production capacity of the economy, did not shift in response to the Fed's policy.
The adoption of a tight money policy by the Fed under Paul Volcker's leadership resulted in a leftward shift of the aggregate demand curve, as it aimed to reduce overall spending and control inflation. However, the aggregate supply curve did not shift as a direct consequence of the Fed's policy. The focus of the policy was primarily on managing aggregate demand through monetary measures rather than influencing the productive capacity of the economy.
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In his 2007 book: ‘From Higher Aims to Hired Hands’, Rakesh Khurana argues that the moral
ideals that once inspired university-based US business schools have been replaced by a drive
towards developing forms of knowledge subordinated to market forces. Several UK-based critical
scholars have gone even further and accused managerial education of promoting views of
business that legitimize questionable managerial practices and ‘indoctrinate’ students into
believing that the manager’s main duty is to secure profits.
Discuss with reference to CMS debates on performativity and UK business school education.
(CMS) Critical management studies, Focus on CMS debates
Rakesh Khurana's book "From Higher Aims to Hired Hands" raises concerns about the transformation of US business schools, suggesting that the moral ideals they once embodied have been replaced by a focus on market-driven knowledge. This critique is echoed by UK-based critical scholars who argue that managerial education in business schools promotes views of business that legitimize questionable practices and indoctrinate students into prioritizing profit-making. These debates align with the Critical Management Studies (CMS) perspective, which challenges the dominant assumptions and ideologies in business and management education.
The CMS debates center around the notion of performativity in business school education, which refers to the pressure for students, faculty, and institutions to conform to market-driven measures of success and performance. This includes an emphasis on financial metrics, rankings, and the prioritization of profit-making objectives. Critics argue that this narrow focus undermines the development of ethical and socially responsible business practices, as well as critical thinking skills.
In the context of UK business schools, the critique of managerial education is particularly pronounced. Scholars argue that business schools perpetuate a capitalist ideology that prioritizes shareholder value and profit maximization, while neglecting broader societal and environmental concerns. They suggest that students are socialized into accepting and perpetuating these values, which can lead to a reinforcement of questionable managerial practices and an erosion of moral considerations in business decision-making.
The CMS perspective seeks to challenge and question the dominant paradigms in business education. It encourages a broader understanding of the role of business in society and advocates for a more critical and socially conscious approach. CMS scholars argue for the inclusion of alternative perspectives, such as sustainability, social justice, and ethics, in business curricula to counterbalance the narrow focus on market-driven outcomes.
The debates surrounding performativity and UK business school education highlight concerns about the loss of moral ideals and the influence of market forces on managerial education. The CMS perspective offers a critical lens through which to examine these issues and calls for a more inclusive and socially responsible approach to business education. By challenging the dominant narratives and promoting alternative perspectives, CMS aims to encourage a more holistic understanding of business that goes beyond profit-making and embraces ethical considerations
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Question one
Modern workplaces are becoming challenging for everyone, especially for managers. Discuss any
four challenges, managers face in the 21st -century business environment.
Expected word count: 150 words
Question two
Organisational values and culture play a very important role in any business, what do you understand
by organisational culture. Choose your workplace or any other Organisation you are familiar with,
what are their values.
Expected word count: 150 words
Question three
Why do managers fail to delegate responsibilities? You may discuss it from your own workplace’s
point of view, or search about a business you have an interest in. List and discuss a minimum of five
reasons.
Expected word count: 150 word
Question four
After covid 19, many teams are working virtually, how would you build a high-performing virtual team,
discuss five techniques.Expected word count: 150 words
Question one:
Four challenges that managers face in the 21st-century business environment are:
1. Technological Advancements: Managers need to adapt to rapid technological changes, such as digitalization, automation, and remote work, while ensuring employees have the necessary skills to leverage these advancements.
2. Globalization: Managing diverse teams across different cultures, time zones, and locations presents challenges in communication, collaboration, and coordination.
3. Workforce Diversity: Managers must navigate the complexities of managing a diverse workforce, including different perspectives, values, and expectations while fostering inclusion and equality.
4. Changing Employee Expectations: Employees now seek purpose, flexibility, and work-life balance, and managers need to align their leadership styles, performance management, and employee engagement strategies accordingly.
Question two:
Organizational culture refers to the shared values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors that shape the collective identity and working environment of an organization. In my workplace, the values revolve around teamwork, innovation, integrity, and customer-centricity. These values guide decision-making, employee interactions, and organizational practices, fostering a collaborative and customer-focused culture.
Question three:
Managers may fail to delegate responsibilities due to various reasons:
1. Lack of Trust: Managers may not trust their subordinates' abilities to handle tasks, leading to a reluctance to delegate.
2. Desire for Control: Some managers prefer to retain control over tasks and decision-making, fearing potential mistakes or loss of power.
3. Time Constraints: Managers may perceive delegation as time-consuming, believing it is quicker to handle tasks themselves.
4. Fear of Failure: Managers may worry about the consequences of delegating tasks and the potential impact on their reputation.
5. Inadequate Communication: Insufficient communication about expectations and outcomes can hinder effective delegation.
Question four:
To build a high-performing virtual team, managers can employ the following techniques:
1. Clear Communication: Establish open channels for communication, utilize video conferencing, and set clear expectations for response times and availability.
2. Goal Alignment: Ensure team members have a shared understanding of goals, objectives, and individual roles within the virtual team.
3. Collaboration Tools: Provide access to collaborative platforms and project management tools that facilitate seamless information sharing and task coordination.
4. Building Relationships: Encourage virtual team members to connect on a personal level, organize virtual team-building activities, and foster a sense of camaraderie.
5. Regular Feedback and Recognition: Provide timely feedback, recognize achievements, and celebrate successes to foster motivation and engagement within the virtual team.
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Compute the arithmetic average annual return and the geometric average annual return for the following
market index.
2010 -11.10%
2011 10.50
2012 9.47
2013 12.35
2014 -4.22
2015 -8.74
2016 10.24
2017 13.58
2018 7.71
2019 12.12
The arithmetic mean return or arithmetic average annual return is calculated by adding the annual returns of a given number of years and dividing the sum by the number of years. The formula for arithmetic mean return is given by:
Arithmetic mean return = $\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}R_i}{n}$ where $R_i$ is the return for each year and n is the number of years.
Geometric mean return is defined as the average return of the investment per year for a multi-year period. This method of calculating the average annual return considers the compounding effect of the returns. The formula for geometric mean return is given by:
Geometric mean return = $[(1+R_1)(1+R_2)...(1+R_n)]^{1/n}-1$ where $R_i$ is the return for each year and n is the number of years. Now, let us calculate the arithmetic mean return and geometric mean return for the given market index. Year
Annual return2010-11. 10%2011 10.50% 20129.47% 201312.35% 2014-4.22% 2015 8.74% 201610.24%2 01713.58% 20187.71% 201912.12%
Let us first calculate the arithmetic mean return.
Arithmetic mean return = $\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}R_i}{n}$= $\frac{-11.10+10.50+9.47+12.35-4.22-8.74+10.24+13.58+7.71+12.12}{10}$= $5.81\%$
Now, let us calculate the geometric mean return.
Geometric mean return = $[(1+R_1)(1+R_2)...(1+R_n)]^{1/n}-1$= $[(1-0.111)(1+0.105)(1+0.0947)(1+0.123)(1-0.0422)(1-0.0874)(1+0.1024)(1+0.1358)(1+0.0771)(1+0.1212)]^{1/10}-1$= $[(0.889)(1.105)(1.0947)(1.123)(0.958)(0.913)(1.1024)(1.1358)(1.0771)(1.1212)]^{1/10}-1$= $(1.00029433)^{1/10}-1$= $0.0305$ or $3.05\%$
Therefore, the arithmetic mean return is $5.81\%$ and the geometric mean return is $3.05\%$.
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TRUE / FALSE. "Market failure is a situation in which a competitive market does
not allocate enough resources or allocates too many resources for
the production of certain goods and services
True; Market failure occurs when a competitive market does not allocate resources efficiently, resulting in either an insufficient or excessive production of certain goods and services.
Market failure refers to a situation where a competitive market fails to allocate resources efficiently. It occurs when the market mechanism does not result in the optimal distribution of goods and services. Market failures can occur due to various reasons, such as externalities (spillover effects), public goods, information asymmetry, market power, and inequitable distribution of resources. In such cases, the market does not automatically adjust to achieve an efficient outcome, leading to an allocation of resources that is suboptimal, either by producing too few or too many goods and services.
For example, in the case of externalities, such as pollution, the market may not account for the full social cost of production, leading to an overproduction of goods that generate negative externalities. On the other hand, public goods, such as national defense, may be underproduced by the market since private firms cannot exclude individuals from benefiting once the good is provided.
Market failures highlight the limitations of relying solely on the market mechanism and the need for government intervention or other corrective measures to address the inefficiencies and ensure a more optimal allocation of resources.
Market failure occurs when a competitive market does not allocate resources efficiently, resulting in either an insufficient or excessive production of certain goods and services. Various factors contribute to market failures, such as externalities, public goods, information asymmetry, and market power. Recognizing and addressing market failures is important to promote economic efficiency and ensure the well-being of society.
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Given a portfolio of risky assets, the envelope curve containing
the set of best possible combinations is known as the
The envelope curve containing the set of best possible combinations in a portfolio of risky assets is known as the efficient frontier.
The efficient frontier represents the optimal combination of risky assets that offers the highest expected return for a given level of risk or the lowest level of risk for a given expected return.
The efficient frontier is derived through the process of portfolio optimization, where different asset allocations are evaluated based on their risk and return characteristics.
By plotting various combinations of assets on a risk-return graph, the efficient frontier is determined as the boundary that represents the highest achievable return for each level of risk or the lowest possible risk for each level of return.
Investors aim to construct portfolios that lie on or close to the efficient frontier, as it represents the optimal trade-off between risk and return. Portfolios that fall below the efficient frontier are considered suboptimal, as they either have lower expected returns for a given level of risk or higher risk for a given expected return.
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the consumer price index (cpi) is a measure of the:
The consumer price index (CPI) is a measure of the average change in prices of a basket of goods and services consumed by households over time.
The consumer price index (CPI) is a widely used economic indicator that measures the average price level of a basket of goods and services commonly consumed by households. It is designed to track changes in the cost of living and inflation.
The CPI is calculated by comparing the prices of the selected goods and services in a given period to a reference or base period. It provides valuable information about the purchasing power of consumers and helps policymakers, economists, and businesses analyze price trends, adjust economic policies, and make informed decisions.
The consumer price index (CPI) is an important tool for measuring and monitoring changes in the cost of living and inflation. By tracking the price changes of a basket of goods and services, the CPI provides valuable insights into the purchasing power of consumers and helps shape economic policies and decision-making.
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Ernest Ernest is seeking advice regarding the sale of his business and the tax consequences of an employment package. Sole trader’s business: Ernest has run his own business for over 20 years as a self-employed dentist. He has always prepared accounts to 30 September each year and having reviewed the file you note he has transitional overlap relief of £20,000 available. His tax adjusted trading profits each year are in the region of £100,000. Ernest will make up his final set of accounts to the year ending 30 September 2020 when he will cease trading, following the sale of his whole business to another dentist, triggering a capital gain of £300,000. Employment Contract: After selling the business Ernest plans to accept a job as an employee in a local dental hospital. He has been offered a remuneration package as follows:
i) He will be paid a salary of £5,000 per month
ii) He will be provided with a fully expensed i-phone
iii) He will be eligible for an interest free loan of up to £4,000 iv) He will qualify for free private medical insurance for himself and his family Having never been employed before, Ernest is unsure of how his salary and benefits in the remuneration package will be taxed.
Requirement:
a) Explain the tax implications of ceasing to trade and explain how the capital gain upon sale of the dentistry business will be taxed. (6 marks)
b) Advise Ernest of the tax implications of the remuneration package.
a) Tax Implications of Ceasing to Trade and Capital Gain: Ceasing to Trade: When Ernest ceases trading and sells his dentistry business, he will be subject to tax on any capital gains made from the sale. The capital gain is calculated by subtracting the original cost of the business from the selling price. In this case, the capital gain is £300,000.
Capital Gains Tax (CGT): The capital gain of £300,000 will be subject to Capital Gains Tax. The tax rate for CGT depends on Ernest's overall income and the annual exempt amount for the tax year in which the disposal occurs. As of the tax year 2020/2021, the rates are 10% for basic rate taxpayers and 20% for higher and additional rate taxpayers.
Annual Exempt Amount: Each tax year, individuals are entitled to an annual exempt amount, which is the threshold below which no CGT is payable. For the tax year 2020/2021, the annual exempt amount is £12,300. Ernest can deduct this amount from his capital gain before calculating the CGT.
Transitional Overlap Relief: Ernest has transitional overlap relief of £20,000 available. This relief allows him to reduce his taxable profits in the final year of trading to account for any overlap between accounting periods and tax years. The relief effectively eliminates the overlap and reduces his taxable income.
b) Tax Implications of the Remuneration Package:
Salary: Ernest's salary of £5,000 per month will be subject to income tax and National Insurance contributions (NICs). Income tax will be calculated based on the applicable tax rates and tax bands for the tax year. The NICs will be deducted according to the relevant rates for employees.
Fully Expensed iPhone: The provision of an iPhone by the employer is considered a benefit in kind. The value of the iPhone will be subject to income tax and NICs. The tax treatment depends on whether the iPhone is solely for business use or if it can also be used for personal purposes. If it is solely for business use, there may be no tax implications. If it can be used for personal purposes, the value of the benefit will be added to Ernest's taxable income.
Interest-Free Loan: The interest-free loan of up to £4,000 is considered a taxable benefit in kind. The benefit is calculated based on the official rate of interest set by HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC). The taxable amount will be the difference between the interest that would have been charged at the official rate and any interest actually paid by Ernest.
Free Private Medical Insurance: The provision of free private medical insurance for Ernest and his family is also considered a benefit in kind. The value of the insurance premium will be added to Ernest's taxable income.
It is important for Ernest to consult with a tax advisor or accountant who can provide personalized advice based on his specific circumstances and the prevailing tax laws at the time.
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Laptops are a necessity in Today’s time, whether you use it to complete your studies on Varsity or for using it as your multipurpose companion when performing your "hotshot" job in the corporate domain. There are a variety of brands and offerings for your needs, accommodating your own budget. Apple is a luxury brand adored by many, that offers performance. Acer usually falls in the affordable and versatile range, and finally Samsung which is a well-known brand do not have a large customer base.
Discuss trends that Apple, Acer and Samsung are facing and how they will be impacted by these longer-term trends in supply chain management. Your discussion should relate to the major trends in supply chain management and their impact from a strategic perspective on operations and supply chain management. (15 Marks)
Apple, Acer, and Samsung, as prominent laptop brands, are all facing significant trends in supply chain management that will impact their operations and overall supply chain strategies.
Globalization and Outsourcing: The trend of globalization has enabled these companies to outsource their manufacturing and assembly processes to countries with lower labor costs, such as China. This has allowed them to achieve cost savings and increase their production capacity. However, it also exposes them to risks such as geopolitical tensions, trade disputes, and supply chain disruptions.
Demand for Responsiveness: Customers are increasingly demanding products that can be delivered quickly and customized to their preferences. This trend requires companies to have agile supply chains that can quickly respond to changes in demand and provide efficient order fulfillment. Apple, known for its high-end products, has successfully implemented this trend by maintaining tight control over its supply chain, ensuring timely delivery and customization options for its customers.
Sustainable and Ethical Practices: With growing awareness of environmental and social issues, companies are under pressure to adopt sustainable and ethical practices throughout their supply chains. This includes responsible sourcing of raw materials, reducing carbon footprint, and ensuring fair labor practices. Apple has made significant strides in this area, implementing initiatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve working conditions in its supply chain, and promote recycling of electronic devices.
Digitalization and Technology Integration: The advancement of technologies like artificial intelligence, big data analytics, and the Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing supply chain management. Companies are leveraging these technologies to enhance visibility, optimize inventory management, streamline logistics, and improve overall efficiency. Acer and Samsung, being technology-focused companies, are likely to leverage these trends to enhance their supply chain operations and gain a competitive edge.
Supply Chain Risk Management: Increasingly complex and interconnected supply chains face various risks, including natural disasters, geopolitical uncertainties, supplier disruptions, and cybersecurity threats. Companies need to proactively identify and mitigate these risks to ensure continuity in their operations. All three brands need to develop robust risk management strategies to safeguard their supply chains and minimize the impact of potential disruptions.
In conclusion, Apple, Acer, and Samsung are all navigating the evolving landscape of supply chain management. By adapting to trends such as globalization, responsiveness, sustainability, technology integration, and risk management, these companies can enhance their operations and maintain a competitive advantage in the laptop
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3- Benchmarking is the comparing of methods/performance between companies so that both can improve. Explain the above extract from the text in the context of the steps involved in carrying out a benchmarking exercise. What is the purpose of benchmarking?
Benchmarking is the process of comparing methods and performance between companies to identify best practices and areas for improvement. Its purpose is to enhance performance and promote innovation by learning from the successes of others.
Benchmarking is a process that involves comparing methods and performance between companies in order to identify best practices and areas for improvement. It consists of several steps that contribute to a successful benchmarking exercise.
The first step is to define the purpose and scope of the benchmarking initiative. This involves clearly identifying the specific processes, functions, or performance metrics that will be compared and improved.
The purpose of benchmarking is to gain insights into how other companies achieve superior performance in those areas and to leverage that knowledge to enhance one's own operations.
The next step is to identify benchmarking partners, which are companies that have demonstrated excellence in the chosen areas. These partners can be selected from the same industry or even from different industries that exhibit best practices worth emulating.
Once the partners are identified, data collection takes place. This involves gathering information about the methods, processes, and performance metrics of the benchmarking partners.
The data can be obtained through various means such as surveys, site visits, interviews, or publicly available reports.
After collecting the data, it is analyzed and compared to the organization's own performance. This step helps identify performance gaps and areas for improvement.
By comparing practices, strategies, and results, companies can uncover opportunities for optimization and innovation.
The final step involves implementing changes based on the insights gained from the benchmarking exercise. Companies can adapt and adopt the best practices identified during the analysis phase to enhance their own performance.
The aim is to achieve higher levels of efficiency, effectiveness, and competitiveness by learning from the successes of others.
In summary, the purpose of benchmarking is to foster improvement and innovation by comparing methods and performance with other companies.
It involves defining the scope, identifying benchmarking partners, collecting and analyzing data, and implementing changes based on the insights gained.
Benchmarking enables organizations to identify areas for improvement, learn from best practices, and enhance their own performance in a competitive business environment.
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Quality management recognizes the importance of each of the following EXCEPT:
Customer satisfaction
Inspection over prevention
Management responsibility
Continuous improvement
B). Quality management recognizes the importance of each of the following EXCEPT inspection over prevention.In management, quality management is a discipline that focuses on quality control processes, inspection, quality assurance, and quality improvement.
It recognizes the importance of continuous improvement, management responsibility, and customer satisfaction. The significance of these factors is briefly discussed below:Continuous improvement: The ongoing quest to improve processes and systems through the identification and eradication of issues that lead to defects, waste, and inefficiencies. Continuous improvement is the primary focus of quality management, and it entails all of the quality activities that are directed towards enhancing product or service quality.
Management responsibility: It entails the responsibility of top management to develop and maintain a quality culture and infrastructure to implement quality policies, objectives, and standards.Customer satisfaction: Meeting or exceeding customer expectations is critical to maintaining customer satisfaction. Quality management prioritizes the needs of the customers and ensures that their expectations are met or exceeded.Inspection over prevention: The process of inspecting the product or service after it has been produced is less critical in quality management. Quality management emphasizes prevention, or detecting issues before they happen, and addressing them to prevent them from occurring in the future.
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Shares of Mdp preferred stock pay a dividend of 10% of par
value. Par value is $110. How much an investor with a 14% required
rate of return will pay for this stock?
PRESENT YOUR ANSWER ROUNDED TO ZER
The price an investor with a 14% required rate of return will pay for a share of Mdp preferred stock is $44. The price of a share of Mdp preferred stock can be found by using the following formula:
Dividend Yield = Dividend / Price
Dividend = 10% * $110 = $11
Dividend Yield = $11 / Price
Required rate of return = 14%
Using the formula above, we can rearrange it to solve for Price:
Price = Dividend / Dividend Yield + Required Rate of Return
Price = $11 / (10% * $110) + 14%
Price = $11 / $11 + 0.14Price = $11 / $0.25
Price = $44
The price an investor with a 14% required rate of return will pay for a share of Mdp preferred stock is $44.
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Purpose
This assignment is intended to help you learn to do the following:
Apply legal principles necessary to create a business organization.
Recognize, analyze, and discuss various legal problems presented in specific situations.
Develop critical-thinking and case-analysis skills.
Overview
Starting a business involves planning, making key financial decisions, and completing a series of activities. Market research will tell you if there’s an opportunity to turn your idea into a successful business. It’s a way to gather information about potential customers and businesses already operating in your area. Use that information to find a competitive advantage for your business. This assignment provides you with some essential elements used to determine is your business idea will be viable.
Action Items
Log into the U.S. Small Business Administration website and click on the Business Guide.
Read through the following topic areas to become familiar with the stages of business development: Plan, Launch, Manage, Grow.
Choose a type of business organization that you would like to create and develop the initial steps of a business plan.
Develop a paper, including a reference page, using the following outline:
Plan Your Business
Company Name and Description
Legal Issues
Start-up Costs
Launch Your Business
Business Location
Rationale for Business Location
Business Structure
Rationale for Business Structure
Liability & Taxation
Manage Your Business
The Company Team
Employment Law Issues
Emergency Preparedness
Grow Your Business
Local Resources
Business Characteristics
Submit the assignment before the scheduled class meeting this module. Important note: you must submit this assignment before the class meeting even if you are unable to attend.
Be prepared to do a 2- to 3-minute presentation (in a format of your choice) regarding your business during class.
The assignment is due by default 0 minutes prior to the commencement of the last category meeting of the week. Note The default settings for Due, Available, and Consider Until are set to the same values as the previous regular assignment if you have received regular assignments during your current WebAssign session.
Modify the Due rule's values as necessary. The component of the schedule for category conferences shows the regularly occurring individual category parts. A brief outline of the section information for a category is shown in the Update Sections of a category component. The meeting occurs regularly or has done so in the past. They all describe the exact same situation, and they are all true.
"Has been scheduled" emphasizes more the event that led to the appointment, yet both words have a tense quality to them. A communication skill that may help you throughout your work is the ability to clearly and accurately plan a gathering. In this post, we'll explain how to plan a meeting by email and provide templates and examples to help you create your own.
Your ability to think critically allows you to know and resolve issues using all available information and knowledge. Utilizing critical thinking at work often entails processing and organizing information to identify a problem and provide workable solutions. Examples of important cognitive techniques include observation.
Empiric skills are where critical thinking should start, according to 2 analyses. Once a is identified, analytical skills are crucial. three. illustration. four. communication. five. Problem-solving. Talk about a moment when you confronted a particular problem or difficulty at work and explain how you used critical thinking to solve the issue.
Some interviewers will provide you with a hypothetical problem or circumstance and ask you to utilize critical thinking abilities to resolve it. In this situation, fully defend your way of thinking to the questioner. The phases of the critical thinking process typically include information gathering and knowledge analysis, intelligent questioning, and potential solution analysis. Critical thinking abilities improve students' marketability to future employers.
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Which of the following is the name of a form providing standard quantities of inputs required to produce a unit of output and the standard prices for the inputs? Multiple Choice Static budget Ο Standard cost sheet Ο Variance account Ο Master budget
The name of the form that provides standard quantities of inputs required to produce a unit of output and the standard prices for the inputs is a standard cost sheet.
Standard Costing is a cost accounting technique that involves the determination and recording of predetermined costs of manufacturing a product or performing a service, and compares them with actual costs. Standard cost sheets contain the list of standard quantities of inputs required to produce a unit of output and the standard prices for the inputs.
They provide the means to compare actual costs with standard costs and highlight deviations for further investigation. Master budget is the overall projection of all the sub-budgets of an organization. The Static budget is the budget that does not change as a result of changes in volume or other factors.
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Write an academic paper on media convergence and integrated
media news. (6000words)
Media convergence refers to the merging of various media platforms, such as print, broadcast, and digital, into a single integrated system.
This convergence has been driven by technological advancements and changes in consumer behavior. Integrated media news, on the other hand, refers to the delivery of news content through multiple channels and platforms in a cohesive and synchronized manner.
It involves combining different forms of media, such as text, images, videos, and interactive elements, to provide a comprehensive news experience. Media convergence has revolutionized the news industry, transforming the way news is produced, distributed, and consumed. It has allowed for the integration of different media formats and has expanded the reach and accessibility of news content. Integrated media news has enabled news organizations to engage audiences across various platforms, catering to their preferences and habits. It has also facilitated the creation of immersive and interactive news experiences, enhancing audience engagement and understanding.To learn more about media convergence click here : brainly.com/question/32152271
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Industrial Industries' 2023 balance sheet shows current assets of $472,150 and current liabilities of $425,450. Their 2022 balance sheet shows current assets of $445,400 and current liabilities of $432,800. What was the firm's investment in net working capital for 2023? $68,200 $17,050 $119,350 $34,100 $51,150
In 2022, Consolidated Industries' net fixed assets increased from $124,000 to $148,000. depreciation expense for the period was $10,000. What was Net Capital Spending for 2022?$138,000 $14,000 $114,000 $34,000 $54,000
The firm's investment in net working capital for 2023 is $34,100.
The Net Capital Spending for 2022 is $34,000.
To calculate the investment in net working capital for 2023, we need to find the change in net working capital from 2022 to 2023.
Change in Net Working Capital = Current Assets (2023) - Current Liabilities (2023) - (Current Assets (2022) - Current Liabilities (2022))
Current Assets (2023) = $472,150
Current Liabilities (2023) = $425,450
Current Assets (2022) = $445,400
Current Liabilities (2022) = $432,800
Change in Net Working Capital = $472,150 - $425,450 - ($445,400 - $432,800)
Change in Net Working Capital = $46,700 - $12,600
Change in Net Working Capital = $34,100
Therefore, the firm's investment in net working capital for 2023 is $34,100.
Now, let's calculate the Net Capital Spending for 2022:
Net Capital Spending = Net Fixed Assets (2022) - Net Fixed Assets (2021) + Depreciation Expense
Net Fixed Assets (2022) = $148,000
Net Fixed Assets (2021) = $124,000
Depreciation Expense = $10,000
Net Capital Spending = $148,000 - $124,000 + $10,000
Net Capital Spending = $34,000
Therefore, the Net Capital Spending for 2022 is $34,000.
Hence, the answers are:
The firm's investment in net working capital for 2023 is $34,100.
The Net Capital Spending for 2022 is $34,000.
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In order to justify a defense of self-defense, you must have a
belief that you are in danger. The belief you have must be:
Subjective (Honest)
Objective (Reasonable)
Both
In order to justify a defense of self-defense, you must have a subjective (honest) belief that you are in danger. This belief must be genuine and honest, meaning that you actually believe that you are in imminent danger of physical harm. It does not necessarily need to be objectively reasonable, meaning that it does not have to be a belief that a reasonable person in the same situation would hold.
However, the subjective belief must be honestly held and not simply a pretext for using force against someone. In general, self-defense is considered to be a legitimate justification for the use of force when a person reasonably believes that such force is necessary to protect themselves from an imminent threat of physical harm.
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TOMS Shoes (www.tomsshoes.com) was founded in 2006 on a simple premise: with every pair you purchase, TOMS will give a pair of new shoes to a child in need. One for one. Using the purchasing power of individuals to benefit the greater good is what we’re all about. In 2006 Blake Mycoskie, an American traveller went to Argentina and found that many children there had no shoes to protect their feet. Wanting to help, he created TOMS Shoes, a company that would match every pair of shoes purchased with a pair of new shoes given to a child in need. One for One. Blake returned to Argentina with a group of family, friends and staff later that year with 10,000 pairs of shoes made possible by caring TOMS customers. In developing countries wearing shoes prevents feet from getting cuts and sores on unsafe roads and from contaminated soil. Not only are these injuries painful, they are also dangerous when wounds become infected. The leading cause of disease in developing countries is soil-transmitted parasites which penetrate the skin through open sores. Wearing shoes can prevent this and ultimately the risk of amputation. Since the beginning in 2006, TOMS has given over 400,000 pairs of shoes to children in need through the One for One model. Because of your support, in 2008 TOMS plans to give over 300,000 pairs of shoes to children in need around the world. TOMS is built on the loyalty of customers who choose a better tomorrow with every purchase. TOMS has one of the coolest internship programmes in the country, according to Inc. Magazine. Many of those passionate interns stay with TOMS and become hard-working, full-time employees. Toms Shoes’ HQ is in Santa Monica, California
1. What would be the key barriers in the early days of internationalization if TOMS Shoes decided to expand to Europe?
2. What have been the driving forces (motives) for the early internationalization of TOMS Shoes?
1. The key barriers in the early days of internationalization if TOMS Shoes decided to expand to Europe could include cultural differences and preferences for footwear, legal and regulatory requirements specific to each European country, establishing distribution channels and partnerships, understanding and adapting to local market conditions, and building brand recognition and trust among European consumers. Language barriers, logistical challenges, and competition from existing local and international shoe brands could also pose obstacles to TOMS Shoes' expansion into Europe.
2. The driving forces or motives for the early internationalization of TOMS Shoes include their mission and social impact focus. TOMS Shoes was founded with the goal of providing shoes to children in need, and expanding internationally allows them to reach more children in different parts of the world. By entering new markets, TOMS Shoes can expand their customer base and increase their impact globally. Additionally, early internationalization may have been driven by market opportunities and potential for growth, as well as the desire to build a global brand and increase awareness of their One for One model.
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The table to the right shows hypothetical values, in billions of dollars Use the table to calculate the M1 and M2 money supply for each year. (Enter your responses rounded to the nearest dollar) 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total M1 Total M2 Calculate the growth rates of the M1 and M2 money supply from the previous year. (Enter your responses rounded to one decimal place. Use a minus sign to enter negative numbers.) 2010 2011 2012 M1 Growth rate M2 Growth rate Why are the growth rates of M1 and M2 so different? OA. The M2 monetary aggregate is usually more volatile than M1; therefore, M2 is rising much more rapidly B. The components of M2 are rising much more rapidly compared to the components of M1. OC. The components of M1 are rising much more rapidly compared to the components of M2 OD. The M2 monetary aggregate includes all the components of M1, and it always rises more rapidly than Mt. A Currency B. Money market mutual fund shares C. Saving account deposits D Money market deposit accounts E Demand and checkable deposits F Small-denomination time deposits G Traveler's checks H 3-month Treasury 2009 2010 2011 2012 920 926 932 900 676 681 679 688 5,300 5,560 5.768 5.905 1,210 1,241 1,270 1.325 980 952 960 073 861 1,123 1,566 830 5 1.990 2.378 5 43 2440 2,506
the correct option is B: The components of M2 are rising much more rapidly compared to the components of M1. The growth rates of M1 and M2 are so different because the components of M2 are rising much more rapidly compared to the components of M1.
The given hypothetical values in the table is about the money supply, in billions of dollars. Using the table, we have to compute the M1 and M2 money supply for each year as well as calculate the growth rates of the M1 and M2 money supply from the previous year.Money Supply M1 represents the money supply, which comprises the most liquid parts of the money supply. It includes currency, traveler's checks, and checkable deposits. On the other hand, Money Supply M2 includes the components of M1, as well as savings deposits, small-denomination time deposits, and balances in retail money market mutual funds. Here, we will calculate the money supply for each year using the given table:2009M1
= Currency + Demand deposits + Traveler's checks
= $920 + $676 + $5
= $1601 billionM2
= M1 + Savings deposits + Small-denomination time deposits + Money market mutual fund shares
= $1601 + $1210 + $980 + $861
= $4652 billion2010M1
= Currency + Demand deposits + Traveler's checks
= $926 + $681 + $5
= $1612 billionM2
= M1 + Savings deposits + Small-denomination time deposits + Money market mutual fund shares
= $1612 + $1241 + $952 + $1123
= $5928 billion2011M1 = Currency + Demand deposits + Traveler's checks
= $932 + $679 + $5= $1616 billionM2
= M1 + Savings deposits + Small-denomination time deposits + Money market mutual fund shares
= $1616 + $1270 + $960 + $1566
= $6412 billion2012M1
= Currency + Demand deposits + Traveler's checks
= $900 + $688 + $5
= $1593 billionM2
= M1 + Savings deposits + Small-denomination time deposits + Money market mutual fund shares
= $1593 + $1325 + $1073 + $1990
= $5981 billionCalculating the growth rates of M1 and M2 money supply from the previous year. (Enter your responses rounded to one decimal place. Use a minus sign to enter negative numbers.)2010M1 Growth rate = [(M1 in 2010 - M1 in 2009) / M1 in 2009] * 100
= [($1612 billion - $1601 billion) / $1601 billion] * 100
= 0.7%M2 Growth rate
= [(M2 in 2010 - M2 in 2009) / M2 in 2009] * 100
= [($5928 billion - $4652 billion) / $4652 billion] * 100
= 27.5%2011M1 Growth rate
= [(M1 in 2011 - M1 in 2010) / M1 in 2010] * 100
= [($1616 billion - $1612 billion) / $1612 billion] * 100
= 0.2%M2 Growth rate
= [(M2 in 2011 - M2 in 2010) / M2 in 2010] * 100
= [($6412 billion - $5928 billion) / $5928 billion] * 100
= 8.1%2012M1 Growth rate
= [(M1 in 2012 - M1 in 2011) / M1 in 2011] * 100
= [($1593 billion - $1616 billion) / $1616 billion] * 100
= -1.4%M2 Growth rate
= [(M2 in 2012 - M2 in 2011) / M2 in 2011] * 100
= [($5981 billion - $6412 billion) / $6412 billion] * 100
= -6.7%Therefore, the correct option is B: The components of M2 are rising much more rapidly compared to the components of M1. The growth rates of M1 and M2 are so different because the components of M2 are rising much more rapidly compared to the components of M1.
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