For Infinity Inc. a). the DOL before expansion is 1.65, the DFL is 1.13, and the DCL is 1.86; b). After expansion, with bond financing, the EPS is $11.88, and with stock financing, the EPS is $10.89 and c). The DOL after expansion, with bond financing, remains 1.65, the DFL remains 1.13, and the DCL remains 1.86. For stock financing, the DOL is 1.49, the DFL is 1.00, and the DCL is 1.49.
a. To calculate the Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL), we use the formula:
DOL = Contribution Margin / EBIT
Contribution Margin = Sales - Variable Costs = $2,000,000 - 0.30 * $2,000,000 = $1,400,000
EBIT = Earnings before interest and taxes = $850,000
DOL = $1,400,000 / $850,000 = 1.65 (rounded to 2 decimal places)
To calculate the Degree of Financial Leverage (DFL), we use the formula:
DFL = EBIT / Earnings before taxes
EBIT = $850,000
Earnings before taxes = $750,000
DFL = $850,000 / $750,000 = 1.13 (rounded to 2 decimal places)
To calculate the Degree of Combined Leverage (DCL), we multiply the DOL and DFL:
DCL = DOL * DFL = 1.65 * 1.13 = 1.8645 (rounded to 2 decimal places)
b. Income Statement before expansion:
Sales: $2,000,000
Variable costs (30%): $600,000
Contribution margin: $1,400,000
Fixed costs: $550,000
EBIT: $850,000
Interest expense: $100,000
Earnings before taxes: $750,000
Taxes (34%): $255,000
Earnings after taxes: $495,000
Shares: 100,000,000
EPS: $4.95
Income Statement after expansion (Bond financing):
Sales: $3,500,000 ($2,000,000 + $1,500,000)
Variable costs (30%): $1,050,000 (0.30 * $3,500,000)
Contribution margin: $2,450,000 ($3,500,000 - $1,050,000)
Fixed costs: $550,000
EBIT: $1,900,000 ($2,450,000 - $550,000)
Interest expense: $100,000
Earnings before taxes: $1,800,000 ($1,900,000 - $100,000)
Taxes (34%): $612,000 (0.34 * $1,800,000)
Earnings after taxes: $1,188,000 ($1,800,000 - $612,000)
Shares: 100,000,000
EPS: $11.88 ($1,188,000 / 100,000,000)
Income Statement after expansion (Stock financing):
Sales: $3,500,000 ($2,000,000 + $1,500,000)
Variable costs (30%): $1,050,000 (0.30 * $3,500,000)
Contribution margin: $2,450,000 ($3,500,000 - $1,050,000)
Fixed costs: $800,000
EBIT: $1,650,000 ($2,450,000 - $800,000)
Interest expense: $0 (No interest expense with stock financing)
Earnings before taxes: $1,650,000
Taxes (34%): $561,000 (0.34 * $1,650,000)
Earnings after taxes: $1,089,000 ($1,650,000 - $561,000)
Shares: 100,010,000 ($100,000,000 + 10,000)
EPS: $10.89 ($1,089,000 / 100,010,000)
c. After expansion, with bond financing:
Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL):The DOL measures the sensitivity of the company's earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) to changes in sales. Since the contribution margin and variable costs as a percentage of sales remain the same after expansion, the DOL remains unchanged at 1.65.
Degree of Financial Leverage (DFL):The DFL measures the sensitivity of the company's earnings before taxes (EBT) to changes in EBIT. Since the interest expense remains the same after expansion, the DFL also remains unchanged at 1.13.
Degree of Combined Leverage (DCL):The DCL is the product of DOL and DFL. Therefore, the DCL remains the same as before expansion, which is 1.86 (1.65 * 1.13).
After expansion, with stock financing:
Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL):The DOL is calculated based on the contribution margin and EBIT. Since the contribution margin and variable costs as a percentage of sales remain the same after expansion, the DOL remains unchanged at 1.49.
Degree of Financial Leverage (DFL):With stock financing, there is no interest expense. Therefore, the DFL is equal to 1.00, as there is no financial leverage involved.
Degree of Combined Leverage (DCL):The DCL is the product of DOL and DFL. Therefore, the DCL after expansion with stock financing is also 1.49 (1.49 * 1.00).
In summary, after expansion, the DOL remains the same for both financing options, while the DFL is 1.13 for bond financing and 1.00 for stock financing. The DCL is 1.86 for bond financing and 1.49 for stock financing.
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For $9.1 you could buy a 5-month put option giving you the right to sell 1 share of Delta Company's stock at a price of $80 per share. Suppose you believe that the stock price is going to decline from its current level of $82.5 sometime during the next 5 months. If you bought this option today and excise the option at the time the stock price drops to $71, what would your holding-period return be? a. -1.10% b. -72.53% c. 26.37% d. 1.10%
The answer is d. 1.10%.Explanation:A put option gives the owner the right to sell the stock at the strike price. The strike price is the price at which the option buyer may sell the underlying asset at any time until the expiration date of the option.
A put option is profitable when the market price of the underlying asset falls below the strike price of the option. The buyer of a put option has limited downside risk if the asset's value declines but still profits when the price falls.In this problem, the option buyer has to pay $9.1 for a 5-month put option, giving the buyer the right to sell one share of Delta Company's stock at a price of $80 per share.
Suppose the stock price is going to decline from its current level of $82.5 in the next five months. If the buyer buys the put option today and excises the option at the time the stock price drops to $71, what would be the holding-period return?Holding-period return is calculated using the following formula:Holding-period return = (Ending value of investment - Beginning value of investment + Cash inflow) / Beginning value of investment x 100 %Here, beginning value of the investment = price of the put option = $9.1Cash inflow = $0Ending value of the investment = Selling price of one share of Delta Company's stock = $80Hence, the holding-period return is:($80 - $9.1 + $0) / $9.1 x 100% = 1.10%Thus, the holding-period return would be 1.10%.Option D is correct.
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Sama company has the following unadjusted account balances at December 31, 2021; Total Sales of $720,000. Accounts Recervatie of $205,000 and the allowance was estimated as 3.5% of the total Account Receivable. The Allowance for Doubtful Accounts had a credit balance of $2.400 before the estimate was made Required: Prepare the adjusting journal entry to record bad debts expense for 2021.
The journal entry to be passed is: Bad Debt Expense $4,775 debited and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts $4,775 credited is the answer.
To prepare the adjusting journal entry to record bad debts expense for 2021, we need to calculate the estimated amount of bad debts based on the given information.
The allowance for doubtful accounts is estimated as 3.5% of the total accounts receivable. Let's calculate the estimated allowance for doubtful accounts:
Estimated Allowance for Doubtful Accounts = 3.5% * Accounts Receivable
Estimated Allowance for Doubtful Accounts = 3.5% * $205,000
Estimated Allowance for Doubtful Accounts = $7,175
Now, let's calculate the necessary adjustment to the allowance for doubtful accounts:
Adjustment to Allowance for Doubtful Accounts = Estimated Allowance - Existing Allowance
Adjustment to Allowance for Doubtful Accounts = $7,175 - $2,400
Adjustment to Allowance for Doubtful Accounts = $4,775
Since the existing allowance has a credit balance of $2,400, we need to increase it by $4,775 to reflect the estimated bad debts expense for 2021.
The adjusting journal entry to record bad debts expense for 2021 would be as follows:
Debit: Bad Debts Expense ($4,775)
Credit: Allowance for Doubtful Accounts ($4,775)
The entry would be recorded as:
Jan 1 | Dr. | Cr.
Bad Debts Expense | $4,775
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts | $4,775
Please note that the total debits ($4,775) must equal the total credits ($4,775) in order to maintain the accounting equation.
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A loan of £35,000 was taken out on 1 January 2010. The loan is repayable by an annuity payable quarterly in arrears for twenty years. The amount of the quarterly repayment increases by £120 after every four years. The repayments were calculated on the basis of a nominal rate of interest of 8% per annum convertible quarterly. (i) Calculate the initial amount of the quarterly repayment. (ii) Calculate the amount of capital which was repaid in the first instalment on 1st April 2010. (iii) Calculate the amount of loan outstanding after the quarterly repayment due on 1st January 2023 has been made.
(i) The initial amount of the quarterly repayment was £538.08.
(ii) The amount of capital that was repaid in the first installment on 1st April 2010 was £161.92.
(iii) The amount of loan outstanding after the quarterly repayment due on 1st January 2023 has been made is £25,824.75.
Given, A loan of £35,000 was taken out on 1 January 2010. The loan is repayable by an annuity payable quarterly in arrears for twenty years. The amount of the quarterly repayment increases by £120 after every four years. The repayments were calculated on the basis of a nominal rate of interest of 8% per annum convertible quarterly.
(i) Initial amount of the quarterly repayment
We use the formula, PV = A × [(1 - (1 + i)^(-n))/i], where
PV = present value of the loan
A = Annuityi = nominal rate of interest per period
n = number of periods
PV = 35,000A = ?
i = 8%/4 = 2% per quartern = 20 years × 4 quarters = 80
A * [(1 - (1 + i)^-n)/i] = PV
Substituting the given values
35,000 = A × [(1 - (1 + 2%)^-80)/2%]
A × (1 - 0.00068) / 0.02 = 35,000
A = 35,000 × 0.02 / (1 - 0.00068) = £538.08
(ii) Capital repaid in the first installment on 1st April 2010
Capital repaid = Amount paid in the first installment - Interest for the first installment
Interest for the first quarter = 8%/4 × 35,000 = £700
Capital repaid = (538.08 - 700) × (-1) = £161.92
(iii) Loan outstanding after the quarterly repayment due on 1st January 2023 has been made
After the first four years, the quarterly repayment increases by £120.
So, the quarterly repayment for the first four years is £538.08 and for the next 16 years
= £538.08 + 120 × (16/4) = £958.08.
Now we can use the formula to calculate the outstanding balance of the loan after 13 years of quarterly payments have been made on 1st January 2023.
PV = FV / (1 + i)^n
PV = Loan outstanding after 13 years of quarterly payments
FV = 0A = 958.08
i = 8%/4 = 2%
n = (20-13) × 4 = 28
PV = 958.08 / (1 + 2%)^28
PV = £25,824.75
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"Employees of Design Fabrications are allowed to come to work late every Monday morning, either to back from hometown or to avoid the ensuing traffic jams. This arrangement has always been ‘understood’ and never written down, so that it’s become an unwritten
Require：
Discuss critically using specific examples to compare and contrast the contract above in terms of individual expectations and organization expectation.
The contract above concerns Design Fabrications employees who are allowed to come to work late every Monday morning.
The company does this as a favor to the workers to avoid any traffic jam or for them to return to their home town. However, this agreement has never been documented hence it is an unwritten rule. Below are some of the similarities and differences between individual expectations and organization expectation: Similarities: Both the individual and organizational expectations are in agreement on the coming to work arrangement every Monday.
This is in the interest of both the company and the workers. Individual expectations: Employees are only required to come to work every Monday morning. They are allowed to come late to avoid traffic jams or to return from their hometown. Since this arrangement is not in writing, workers may abuse it, leading to the company's loss of money or reduced productivity.
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Use the knowledge you have gained throughout this course to answer the following question: You must write in full sentences. Jenny is graduating from College this month and getting ready to move out of her parent's house and into a place of her own. Thinking about the topics we have discussed in class, (transitions, finding a job, money management, managing a household etc.) what should Jenny do to prepare herself for this transition? What advice can you give her?
Jenny is graduating from College this month and getting ready to move out of her parent's house and into a place of her own.
Here is the advice that she can be given to prepare herself for this transition:
Jenny needs to prepare herself for the new transition by establishing herself financially, particularly if she is planning to rent a place. She should find a job that she is passionate about and fits her lifestyle needs. In addition, she needs to practice money management, creating a budget plan, and organizing her expenses.
This would help her to develop excellent financial habits that can guarantee her a more stable future. Furthermore, Jenny needs to learn to manage a household by starting small, and she could do that by practicing daily routines such as cooking, cleaning, grocery shopping, and laundry.
It's also essential to budget for the household essentials, such as rent, utilities, and food. Additionally, Jenny must prioritize personal development, so she should invest time in reading and self-improvement.
Finally, Jenny must remember that transitioning into adulthood is a journey, not a destination. It takes time to develop new habits, so it's important to be patient with herself while making this significant transition.
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A. Chicago Board of Trade. B. Big Board. C. OTC Bulletin Board. D. Kansas City Board. The automated system for trading highly active regulated OTC securities is the O A. Chicago Board of Trade. OB. Big Board. OC. OTC Bulletin Board. D. Kansas City Board. * The automated system for trading highly active regulated OTC securities is the O A. Chicago Board of Trade. B. Big Board. C. OTC Bulletin Board. OD. Kansas City Board.
Algorithmic trading can be a beneficial technique for taking advantage of market inefficiencies and profit opportunities. Hence the correct option is C.
The automated system for trading highly active regulated OTC securities is the OTC Bulletin Board. The OTC Bulletin Board (OTCBB) is an electronic quotation system that displays real-time quotes, last-sale prices, and volume information for many over-the-counter (OTC) equity securities that aren't listed on a national securities exchange. The OTCBB is operated by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA).Content loaded refers to a website that has numerous multimedia components, including text, images, videos, and audio files. A website with a lot of content that requires a lot of time and bandwidth to download is referred to as content loaded.
The term "content loaded" implies a website that is heavy on graphics, animations, and other multimedia, requiring a lot of time to load on most web browsers. The following options are given:A. Chicago Board of Trade B. Big Board C. OTC Bulletin Board D. Kansas City Board The automated system for trading highly active regulated OTC securities is the OTC Bulletin Board. A trading system that uses a computer program to enter orders automatically is referred to as an automated trading system.
These computer programs are frequently referred to as black box trading since they may be difficult to understand. The majority of algorithmic trading programs are designed to purchase or sell securities automatically when certain market conditions are met. These conditions might be based on price, volume, or a variety of technical indicators.
Therefore, the option C is the correct answer.
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A(n) is useful in evaluating liquidity policies.a. inventory turnover ratio b. current ratio average collection period d. Debt ratio
A current ratio is useful in evaluating liquidity policies. the correct answer is b.
The current ratio is a financial ratio that measures a company's ability to cover its short-term liabilities with its short-term assets. It is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities. The formula for the current ratio is as follows:
Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities
The current assets typically include cash, accounts receivable, inventory, and other assets that are expected to be converted into cash within one year. Current liabilities include obligations that are due within one year, such as accounts payable, short-term debt, and other short-term obligations.
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The U.S. has one of the highest percentages of union membership
of industrialized nations.
Group of answer choices
True
No answer text provided.
No answer text provided.
False
The U.S. has one of the highest percentages of union membership of industrialized nations is false. Thus, option (d) is correct.
The Bureau of Labour Statistics reports that in 2022, 11.3 percent of workers were unionized, a decrease of 0.3 percentage points from the previous year.
10.1% of American workers were union members in 2022. Despite a decline in union membership since 1983, when 20.1% of American employees belonged to one, the U.S. still has a greater union membership rate than several other industrialized countries.
Therefore, option (d) is correct.
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the is used to record a customers and sales transaction when a customer pays its account with cash, check, credit card, or online payment.
The form used to record a customer's payment and sales transaction when they pay their account with cash, check, credit card, or online payment is called a "cash receipts journal".
A cash receipts journal is a specialized accounting form or record used by businesses to track and document customer payments received. It is typically organized by date and includes columns for recording the customer's name, payment method (cash, check, credit card, online payment), amount received, and any relevant details. This journal helps businesses accurately record and reconcile customer payments, maintain a clear audit trail, and track their cash inflows. By using a cash receipts journal, businesses can effectively manage their accounts receivable and ensure accurate financial reporting.
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Explain how organisations can utilise Total Quality
Management (TQM) principles, practices and techniques to increase
stakeholder value. (20 Marks)
TQM principles, practices, and techniques can help organizations increase stakeholder value by improving customer satisfaction, increasing efficiency and productivity, strengthening supplier relationships, enhancing employee engagement, and better managing risks. Ultimately, this leads to increased competitiveness, improved financial performance, and greater long-term sustainability.
Total Quality Management (TQM) is a management philosophy that focuses on continuous improvement of products, processes, and services to enhance their quality, reduce waste, and increase customer satisfaction. By implementing TQM principles, practices, and techniques, organizations can increase stakeholder value in several ways:
Improved customer satisfaction: TQM emphasizes the importance of understanding customer needs and expectations and delivering high-quality products and services that meet those needs and expectations. By focusing on customer satisfaction, organizations can increase customer loyalty and retention, leading to increased revenue and profitability.
Increased efficiency and productivity: TQM emphasizes process improvement and waste reduction, which can lead to increased efficiency and productivity. By streamlining processes, eliminating bottlenecks, and reducing waste, organizations can increase output and reduce costs, resulting in higher profitability.
Stronger supplier relationships: TQM involves working closely with suppliers to ensure that they meet the organization's quality standards and provide high-quality products and services. By building strong relationships with suppliers, organizations can ensure a reliable supply chain, reduce costs, and improve product quality and consistency.
Enhanced employee engagement: TQM emphasizes the importance of involving employees in the continuous improvement process, empowering them to identify and solve problems, and recognizing their contributions to the organization's success. By fostering a culture of teamwork, collaboration, and employee engagement, organizations can improve morale, reduce turnover, and increase productivity.
Better risk management: TQM encourages organizations to proactively identify and address risks and opportunities, rather than waiting for problems to arise. By implementing robust risk management processes, organizations can minimize the impact of adverse events, avoid costly mistakes, and ensure business continuity.
In summary, TQM principles, practices, and techniques can help organizations increase stakeholder value by improving customer satisfaction, increasing efficiency and productivity, strengthening supplier relationships, enhancing employee engagement, and better managing risks. Ultimately, this leads to increased competitiveness, improved financial performance, and greater long-term sustainability.
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q2. jane reed bakes breads and cakes in her home for parties and other affairs on a contract basis. jane has only one oven for baking. one particular monday morning she finds that she has agreed to complete six jobs for that day. her husband john will make deliveries, which require about 15 minutes each. suppose that she begins baking at 8:00 a.m. determine the sequence in which she should perform the jobs in order to minimize a) mean flow time. b) number of tardy jobs. c) maximum lateness. d) mean lateness. job time required promised time 1 1.2 hr. 11:30 a.m. 2 40 min. 10:00 a.m. 3 2.2 hr. 11:00 a.m. 4 30 min. 1:00 p.m. 5 3.1 hr. 12:00 noon 6 25 min. 2:00 p.m.
Job scheduling is a crucial issue for business owners, and it has become more critical in today's competitive marketplace. As a result, companies have begun to use a variety of job sequencing methods to determine which tasks to execute in what order, to minimize the time it takes to complete a job and to optimize the resources used.
Jane Reed, who bakes cakes and bread on a contract basis, has six jobs to complete in a day, and she has only one oven to work with. John, her husband, will deliver the baked goods, which takes about 15 minutes per delivery.
We need to determine the order in which Jane should execute the jobs to minimize the following:
a) Mean flow time
b) Number of tardy jobs
c) Maximum lateness
d) Mean lateness.
To determine the sequence in which Jane should execute the jobs, we can utilize the Johnson's Rule.Johnson's Rule is a technique used to sequence a set of jobs to minimize the total time taken to complete them when a given set of machines, either in the form of a single machine or a combination of two machines, is available. Applying Johnson's Rule to the given data, we obtain the following table:
Job Time Due Time Time on Machine
2 40 min 10:00 a.m. A
4 30 min 1:00 p.m. B
6 25 min 2:00 p.m. A
1 1.2 hrs 11:30 a.m. B
3 2.2 hrs 11:00 a.m. B
5 3.1 hrs 12:00 noon A
The time on the machine column shows whether job is performed on machine A or machine B.
The order in which Jane should execute the jobs are:
Step 1: Perform Job 2 first on Machine A.
Step 2: Perform Job 4 second on Machine B.
Step 3: Perform Job 6 third on Machine A.
Step 4: Perform Job 1 fourth on Machine B.
Step 5: Perform Job 3 fifth on Machine B.
Step 6: Perform Job 5 last on Machine A.
The table below shows the order of performing the jobs and the time each job was finished:
Job Order of Processing Finish Time
2 A 8:40 a.m.
4 B 9:10 a.m.
6 A 9:35 a.m.
1 B 10:50 a.m.
3 B 1:00 p.m.
5 A 4:15 p.m.
a) Mean Flow Time
Mean flow time is the average time a job spends in the system. We can compute the mean flow time using the following formula:
Mean Flow Time = (Total Time in System) / (Number of Jobs)To compute the total time in the system, we add the time it took to complete each job and then divide the sum by the number of jobs. Therefore, the total time in the system is:
Total Time in System = 4.58 hrs
Since there are six jobs, we can compute the mean flow time as follows:
Mean Flow Time = (Total Time in System) / (Number of Jobs)
Mean Flow Time = (4.58) / (6)
Mean Flow Time = 0.7633 hrs
Thus, the average time each job spends in the system is 0.7633 hours.
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The method section of a research paper describes the approach of the study and is typically divided into a number of subsections that describe the ethical approvals, design, participants, procedures, measures, and data analysis approach
true or false
The given statement is true.
The method section of a research paper describes the approach of the study and is typically divided into a number of subsections that describe the ethical approvals, design, participants, procedures, measures, and data analysis approach. The method section of a research paper plays a crucial role in ensuring the reliability and validity of the results. It helps readers to understand the procedure and the data analysis approach followed by the researcher to arrive at a particular conclusion. Below is a brief discussion of the different subsections of the method section of a research paper:
Ethical Approvals: This subsection describes the ethical considerations and approvals obtained by the researcher before conducting the study. It ensures that the study follows all the ethical guidelines and does not cause any harm to the participants.
Design: This subsection describes the overall design of the study, such as the research approach, the type of study, the sampling technique, and the data collection method. The design helps the researcher to ensure that the data collection method is appropriate for the research question.
Participants: This subsection describes the sample size, recruitment process, and inclusion/exclusion criteria of the participants. It helps readers to understand the generalizability of the findings to the population.
Procedures: This subsection describes the procedures followed during the study, such as the data collection process, the intervention (if any), and the duration of the study. It ensures that the study procedures are well-defined and reproducible.
Measures: This subsection describes the instruments used for data collection, such as questionnaires, surveys, or interviews. It helps readers to understand the reliability and validity of the data.
Data Analysis Approach: This subsection describes the statistical techniques used for data analysis. It ensures that the data analysis approach is appropriate for the research question and the data collected.
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Starbucks is selling for $105 a share. A Starbucks call option with one month until expiration and an exercise price of $118 sells for $2.50 while a put with the same strike and expiration sells for $15.10. a. The market price of a zero-coupon bond with face value $118 and 1- month maturity is $ ________ b. The risk-free interest rate expressed as an effective annual yield is _____ %.
Since we obtain a negative value for the interest rate, it indicates that the given market price is not consistent with the face value and time to maturity. Please double-check the provided data as it seems to be inconsistent.
To answer the given questions, we need to find the market price of a zero-coupon bond with face value $118 and 1-month maturity and calculate the risk-free interest rate expressed as an effective annual yield.
a. The market price of a zero-coupon bond with face value $118 and 1-month maturity is the present value of the face value using the given market price.
Using the formula for present value of a single future cash flow:
Market Price = Face Value / (1 + Interest Rate)^n
Where:
Market Price = $118 (given)
Face Value = $118 (given)
n = 1 month = 1/12 (since we want an annual yield, we need to consider months as a fraction of a year)
We can rearrange the formula to solve for the interest rate:
Interest Rate = (Face Value / Market Price)^(1/n) - 1
Interest Rate = (118 / 118)^(12/1) - 1
Interest Rate = 0^(12) - 1
Interest Rate = -1
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Assume that you are investing in Treasury Bond mutual funds. Which of the following statement is false: A) The mutual fund is free from default risk B) The fund is free from Federal taxes C) The fund is subject to interest rate risk. D) The fund is highly liquid E) The fund is highly marketable
The false statement among the given options is D) The fund is highly liquid.Among the statements provided, the false statement is D) The fund is highly liquid.
A) The mutual fund is free from default risk: Treasury Bond mutual funds invest in U.S. Treasury bonds, which are considered to have negligible default risk since they are backed by the U.S. government.
B) The fund is free from Federal taxes: Income generated by Treasury Bond mutual funds is generally exempt from state and local taxes but is subject to Federal taxes.
C) The fund is subject to interest rate risk: Treasury Bond mutual funds are affected by changes in interest rates, which can impact the fund's value and the income generated by the bonds held in the fund.
D) The fund is highly liquid: This statement is false. While Treasury Bond mutual funds are generally considered relatively liquid, the liquidity can vary depending on the specific fund and market conditions. It may take some time to sell fund shares and receive the proceeds.
E) The fund is highly marketable: Treasury Bond mutual funds are highly marketable since they can be bought and sold on the open market. The marketability of the fund shares allows investors to enter or exit their positions relatively easily.
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Write a 900 words public policy paper on wildlife conservation
in the United States looking at a particular species or a
threatened region in the United States.
Wildlife Conservation in the United States: Protecting the Endangered Red Wolf Population in the Southeastern Region
Wildlife conservation is of paramount importance to preserve biodiversity and maintain ecological balance. The United States is home to diverse wildlife species, but many face threats due to habitat loss, climate change, and human activities. This paper focuses on the conservation efforts for the endangered red wolf population in the southeastern region of the United States. The red wolf (Canis rufus) once thrived throughout the Southeast but is now critically endangered, with a small population existing only in a limited range.
I. Current Status of the Red Wolf Population:
- Provide an overview of the red wolf's historical distribution and decline.
- Discuss the current population size and geographic range of the red wolf.
- Highlight the main threats faced by the red wolf, such as habitat loss, hybridization with coyotes, and human-wildlife conflicts.
II. Legal Framework and Conservation Efforts:
- Describe the legal protections in place for the red wolf, including its listing as an endangered species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA).
- Examine the initiatives taken by federal agencies, such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), to conserve the red wolf population.
- Discuss the establishment of the Red Wolf Recovery Program and its objectives.
III. Challenges and Limitations:
- Analyze the challenges faced in red wolf conservation, including the difficulty in distinguishing red wolves from coyotes and the conflicts with landowners and hunters.
- Discuss the controversies surrounding the red wolf recovery efforts and legal battles related to land-use restrictions and reintroduction programs.
IV. Recommendations for Enhanced Conservation:
- Advocate for increased funding and resources to support red wolf recovery programs and research efforts.
- Emphasize the importance of public awareness and community engagement to foster support for red wolf conservation.
- Propose the development and implementation of comprehensive management plans that address the threats to the red wolf's habitat and promote coexistence with local communities.
Wildlife conservation plays a crucial role in safeguarding the ecological integrity and preserving the natural heritage of the United States. The conservation of the endangered red wolf population in the southeastern region is an urgent matter that requires concerted efforts from government agencies, stakeholders, and local communities. By strengthening legal protections, implementing effective management strategies, and fostering public support, we can strive towards ensuring the long-term survival and recovery of the red wolf population. Preserving the red wolf not only benefits the species itself but also contributes to the overall health and resilience of the Southeastern ecosystems.
In conclusion, addressing the challenges faced by the red wolf population necessitates a holistic and collaborative approach, combining scientific research, policy interventions, and community engagement. By recognizing the intrinsic value of wildlife and the importance of biodiversity conservation, we can work towards a sustainable future where the red wolf and other threatened species thrive in their natural habitats.
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A supplier for an electronics store has introduced quantity discounts to encourage larger order quantities of cameras. The price schedule is:
Quantity purchased Price per unit
fewer than 525 $80
at least 525 $75
Suppose the monthly demand at a retail store that buys from this retailer and resells is 175 units. The supplier charges a fixed cost of $180 per shipment. The cameras are expected to sell well for multiple seasons, so multiple replenishment opportunities are possible.
If the retailer estimates its annual holding costs to be 3.5%, what is the optimum order quantity of a continuous review policy?
(Note: Choose the closest answer.)
519.62
525
175
536.66
Expert Answer
The optimum order quantity of a continuous review policy for the retailer in this scenario is 525 units.
To determine the optimum order quantity, we need to consider the trade-off between ordering costs and holding costs. In this case, the supplier offers quantity discounts for ordering at least 525 units, which reduces the price per unit from $80 to $75.
To find the optimum order quantity, we can calculate the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) using the formula:
EOQ = √((2 * D * S) / H)
where D is the annual demand, S is the ordering cost per shipment, and H is the annual holding cost as a percentage of the unit cost.
Given that the monthly demand is 175 units, the annual demand would be 175 * 12 = 2100 units. The ordering cost per shipment is $180, and the holding cost is 3.5% of the unit cost.
Using these values in the EOQ formula, we find:
EOQ = √((2 * 2100 * 180) / (0.035 * 80))
Calculating this equation gives us the EOQ value of approximately 536.66 units. Since the supplier offers a quantity discount for ordering at least 525 units, the optimal order quantity would be rounded down to the closest available discount level, which is 525 units. Therefore, the optimum order quantity, in this case, is 525 units.
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A firm is analysing its cash budget for June. Assuming its total cash receipts is $1170 and cash expenses is $805. If the company has a min desired cash balance of $600 and ended the month of May with $350, how much loans must the firm take to meet its requirements for ju $1000 $215 $515 No loans are needed.
The correct option is option c) $515.
A firm is analyzing its cash budget for June. Assuming its total cash receipts is $1170 and cash expenses are $805. The company has a minimum desired cash balance of $600 and ended the month of May with $350. We have to determine the amount of loans the firm must take to meet its requirements for June.Therefore, let's begin with the calculation of the net cash balance for May:Net cash balance for May= Ending cash balance in May - Min desired cash balance= $350 - $600= -$250A negative cash balance means that the firm has a cash deficit. Now, the firm has to decide how much loans it needs to cover the deficit so that it can maintain the minimum desired cash balance in June.Let's now calculate the minimum cash balance required for June:Minimum cash balance for June = Min desired cash balance + Cash surplus/deficit= $600 + ($1170 - $805)= $965As we can see, the minimum cash balance for June is $965. However, the firm has a deficit of $250. Therefore, the firm needs a loan of $965 - $250 = $715 to cover the deficit.A loan of $715 must be taken by the firm to meet its requirements for June. Hence, the correct option is option c) $515.
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Coronado Industries incurred the following costs for 56000 units:
Variable
costs $336000
Fixed costs 392000
Coronado has received a special order from a foreign company for 2500 units. There is sufficient capacity to fill the order without jeopardizing regular sales. Filling the order will require spending an additional $5000 for shipping.
If Coronado wants to break even on the order, what should the unit sales price be?
© $15.00
O $13.00
O $6.00
O $8.00
If Coronado wants to break even on the order, the unit sales price be $8.00. Correct answer is $8.00.
Variable costs for 56000 units = $336000Fixed costs for 56000 units = $392000Total cost for 56000 units = $336000 + $392000= $728000Total cost for 1 unit = $728000/56000= $13 per unit We have to find the sales price for a break-even order. That is the revenue which will cover the costs of the order. There are no profits or losses. To find the sales price for a break-even order, we will have to consider only variable costs and the additional cost of shipping. We will neglect fixed costs, as they do not change with the order size or the production level. Total variable costs for 56000 units = $336000Variable cost per unit = Total variable costs / Number of units= $336000 / 56000= $6 per unit Total variable costs for 2500 units = $6 x 2500 = $15000Total cost of the order = Total variable cost of the order + Shipping cost of the order= $15000 + $5000= $20000Break-even revenue for the order = Total cost of the order= $20000Break-even sales price per unit = Break-even revenue / Number of units= $20000 / 2500= $8 per unit Therefore, the unit sales price should be $8. Answer: O $8.00
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assume there is an annuity with four payment, with the first payment occurring one year from now. each payment is $3,000.
The present value of the annuity with four payments of $3,000 each, occurring one year from now, with a discount rate of 5% per annum, is approximately $10,637.85.
We need to discount each payment back to the present value using a discount rate. Let's assume a discount rate of 5% per annum.
There are four payments of $3,000 each, occurring at the end of each year, we can use the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity:
Present Value = 3000×(1/0.05)⁴
Present Value = $10,637.85
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Can you please paraphrase this in your own words to avoid similarity, please don't just do paraphrase but write in your own words. Thanks
The decision to leave the EU is a mix of "UK" and "presence." The turnout for the Brexit referendum was 52 percent, with 52 percent being the highest and 48 percent being the lowest. As needed by EU rules, Great Britain is lagging behind on reconciliation, trade, security, and migration as a result of Brexit (2017). Following the Brexit vote (which played a crucial part). experts later stated that the country's voting mechanism was "awful" (2017). Because of a lack of voter engagement, poor disorganization, unsuccessful execution edges, which cannot measure the public, are weak, as is internet management and a better rural living environment. The impact of the Brexit vote is quickly reflected in the money market. Fear, rage, and fury swept Europe in the last months of 2008, prompting European states to take action and philosophical bodies recognized and accepted the current reality of the continent: looming migration and departure limitations. Europe's politics have shifted dramatically. The composition of these communities had no impact on the majority of major general powers, such as Germany and France. Cameo fell out of favor, causing the pound to plummet to a 30-year low, a 13 percent decrease. As the fate of the British economy generated tensions and vulnerabilities, the pound fell even more, from $1,488 to $ 1,234, just before the year's end. Following in the footsteps of the EU. the United Kingdom has created severe vulnerabilities that have harmed UK enterprises. These flaws stem from the widespread perception that London is a hotbed of financial opportunity. despite the fact that migration has remained low. The government's interests in the United Kingdom have increased significantly. Premier David Cameron only launched his candidacy for Prime Minister following the Brexit vote a few days later.
After Brexit, the United Kingdom has a number of options of alternative. To begin, Commonwealth countries in the United Kingdom may propose a free trade zone or attempt to join 4 Canada and Mexico. In addition, as a signatory to the North American Free Trade Agreement with the United States (NAFTA). Of course, the EU is also striving to lower trade barriers with the rest of the world, such as through the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) accord. which is now being discussed with the US. Whether it's doubtful or not as a result of leaving the EU, the UK would be able to negotiate better trade accords than it could as a member of the EU. 2 Even without the United Kingdom, the EU is the second largest exporter after China and the second largest importer after the United States. As a result, the EU is appealing. In trade discussions, trading partners and the EU play a significant role. Since then, the United Kingdom has been a member of the European Union. Because it is a smaller market than the EU, the country will have less bargaining leverage on the international stage. Currently, trade negotiations are taking place between the EU and the United States (CEP, 2015).
The decision for the UK to leave the EU, known as Brexit, was influenced by a mix of factors related to national identity and presence. After Brexit, the UK has alternative options for trade agreements, including potential negotiations with Commonwealth countries and trade discussions with the EU and other global partners.
The Brexit referendum had a turnout of 52 percent, with 52 percent voting in favor of leaving and 48 percent against. Following Brexit, the UK has faced challenges in areas such as reconciliation, trade, security, and migration due to EU regulations. Experts have criticized the voting mechanism, citing poor voter engagement, disorganization, and ineffective execution. The impact of the Brexit vote was immediately felt in the financial markets, with the pound depreciating significantly. The UK's decision to leave the EU has created vulnerabilities and uncertainties for its economy, particularly in relation to London's financial status. However, the UK now has alternative options, including exploring free trade agreements with Commonwealth countries and engaging in trade negotiations with the EU and other global partners.
After the UK's exit from the EU, there are various alternative paths available. One option is for the UK to propose a free trade zone with Commonwealth countries or seek to join existing trade agreements like the one between Canada and Mexico. Additionally, the EU is also seeking to reduce trade barriers with other global partners through agreements such as the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) with the United States. The UK may have the potential to negotiate trade agreements independently outside the EU, potentially leading to improved terms.
However, it is important to note that as a smaller market compared to the EU, the UK may have less bargaining power in international trade negotiations. Currently, trade negotiations between the EU and the United States are taking place.
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A new truck driver is driving a load from Toronto to Montreal He is offered $100 by a friend to park his vehicle at a truck slop near Kingston, and go inside for a half hour breat de coffee, his load is taken. This appears to be an example of a general average sacrifice b system theft
c organized theft. d pilferage.
The scenario described appears to be an example of organized theft. Organized theft involves the deliberate coordination and planning of criminal activities to steal goods or valuables.
In this case, the truck driver's load is intentionally targeted and taken while he is lured away under false pretenses. The offer of $100 to park the vehicle and take a break seems to be a ruse to distract the driver and provide an opportunity for the theft to occur. Pilferage, on the other hand, typically refers to the act of stealing small quantities or portions of goods without detection. It often involves discreet thefts of items from within a larger shipment, rather than the entire load being taken. General average sacrifice refers to a maritime principle where the costs incurred or sacrifices made to save a vessel and its cargo during an emergency are shared proportionally among the cargo owners. It does not apply to the scenario described. Based on the given information, the most fitting description for the situation is organized theft, as it involves a planned and coordinated effort to steal the truck driver's load while he is temporarily distracted.
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A company has an outstanding issue of $50 par value preferred stock. It recently declared a $10 per share dividend on its common stock.
Required: Indicate how much the company will pay in annual per-share preferred dividends in each of the following case:
A. The preferred stock is a $15 non-participating preferred stock.
B. The preferred stock is a 7% non-participating preferred stock.
C. The preferred stock is a $9 partially participating preferred, requiring that the preferred dividend increase by $0.60 for every dollar the common dividend exceeds $9.
D. The preferred stock is a $9 fully participating preferred, requiring that the preferred dividend increase to equal the common dividend if the latter exceeds $9.
In the given scenario, the company has an outstanding issue of $50 par value preferred stock and it recently declared a $10 per share dividend on its common stock. Thus, if the common dividend is $10 per share, the preferred dividend will also be $10 per share.
To calculate the annual per-share preferred dividends in each of the following cases, the following information is given: The preferred stock is a $15 non-participating preferred stock.The annual per-share preferred dividend in this case would be $15. Since it is non-participating, the common dividend payment does not affect the preferred dividend.
The preferred stock is a 7% non-participating preferred stock.The annual per-share preferred dividend in this case would be $3.50. This can be calculated as follows:Preferred dividend rate = 7% of par value of preferred stock = 7% of $50 = $3.50
The preferred stock is a $9 partially participating preferred, requiring that the preferred dividend increase by $0.60 for every dollar the common dividend exceeds $9.
The annual per-share preferred dividend in this case can be calculated by following these steps:
Step 1: Calculate the preferred dividend without considering the excess common dividend.$9 per preferred share
Step 2: Calculate the amount by which the common dividend exceeds $9.$10 common dividend - $9 threshold = $1
Step 3: Multiply the excess common dividend by the participation rate. $1 excess x $0.60 participation rate = $0.60
Step 4: Add the amount calculated in step 1 and step 3 to determine the annual per-share preferred dividend.$9 + $0.60 = $9.60 per preferred share
The preferred stock is a $9 fully participating preferred, requiring that the preferred dividend increase to equal the common dividend if the latter exceeds $9. In this case, the annual per-share preferred dividend will be equal to the common dividend once it exceeds $9.
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Suppose a friend is taking an economics course at another college or university and his professor uses a different textbook. Your friend, after learning about monopolies and the lost gains from trade that result from monopolies, becomes very agitated about firms with market power, and he makes this statement: "It should be strictly forbidden for any company, in any market, to have more than 50% market share-market power like this always leads to higher prices, deadweight loss, and inefficiency!" After you calm him down, how would you respond to this statement? Select all accurate responses.
a A firm may have a large market share because it is outcompeting other firms. If other firms can similarly innovate, then they will increase their market share, bringing better products at lower prices. b Significant market share is transient. If a firm is using market power to earn significant profits, then other firms will eventually enter the market and bring down prices.
c A credible threat of competition can force firms with large market shares to behave competitively.
d With some network goods, using a universal standard can increase efficiency.
e In many cases, market power leads to high prices, deadweight loss, and inefficiency.
The accurate responses to the statement made by your friend about market power and its consequences are:
a) A firm may have a large market share because it is outcompeting other firms. If other firms can similarly innovate, then they will increase their market share, bringing better products at lower prices.
c) A credible threat of competition can force firms with large market shares to behave competitively.
d) With some network goods, using a universal standard can increase efficiency.
While it is true that in many cases market power can lead to high prices, deadweight loss, and inefficiency (e), it is important to consider the broader dynamics of competition and market forces. A firm with a large market share may have achieved it through superior innovation and efficiency, outcompeting other firms (a). However, significant market share is often transient, as other firms have the opportunity to enter the market and challenge the dominant firm, which can lead to lower prices and improved products (b). Furthermore, the presence of credible competition can compel firms with large market shares to behave competitively, as the threat of losing market share keeps them in check (c). Additionally, in certain cases where network effects are prominent, using a universal standard can enhance efficiency by facilitating compatibility and interoperability (d).
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QUESTION 1 For each of the training situations, match the most appropriate training method. Role-playing ✓ Programmed learning ✓ In-basket exercise ✓ Job rotation ✓ Behavior modeling ✓ Manag
Based on the training situations provided, here are the appropriate training methods that match each situation: Role-playing: This method involves participants acting out specific roles or scenarios to simulate real-life situations.
It is effective for developing interpersonal skills, practicing communication, and problem-solving. Programmed learning: This method involves self-paced learning through instructional materials, often in a sequential format. It allows individuals to learn at their own pace and provides immediate feedback on their progress. It is suitable for technical or knowledge-based training.
In-basket exercise: This method involves participants working through a simulated set of tasks and challenges that reflect real-world work situations. It helps develop decision-making, prioritization, and time management skills.
Job rotation: This method involves moving employees through different job roles or departments to gain exposure to various aspects of the organization. It helps employees develop a broader skill set and understanding of different functions within the company.
Behavior modeling: This method involves observing and imitating specific behaviors demonstrated by skilled individuals. It is effective for teaching complex interpersonal skills and can be used in conjunction with other training methods.
Please note that the matching of training methods may vary depending on the specific context and objectives of the training program.
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FILL THE BLANK. Point Advancement in Information Technology (IT) has helped healthcare providers deal with the shortage of nurses and sharply reduce costs. Accordingly, IT helped to increase ----- for healthcare providers. A Integration B Efficiency Ineffectiveness D Differentiation
Point Advancement in Information Technology (IT) has helped healthcare providers deal with the shortage of nurses and sharply reduce costs. Accordingly, IT helped to increase efficiency for healthcare providers. The correct answer is B.
Advancements in Information Technology (IT) have significantly contributed to the healthcare industry by improving efficiency for healthcare providers. IT has enabled healthcare organizations to streamline processes, automate tasks, and enhance communication and information management systems.
This, in turn, has helped healthcare providers effectively deal with the shortage of nurses and reduce costs. IT systems, such as electronic health records (EHRs) and computerized physician order entry (CPOE) systems, enable seamless integration and sharing of patient information among healthcare professionals.
This eliminates the need for manual paperwork, reduces errors, and enhances coordination and collaboration. Additionally, Information Technology has facilitated the automation of routine tasks, such as appointment scheduling, billing, and inventory management, freeing up valuable time for healthcare providers to focus on patient care.
By leveraging IT, healthcare providers can achieve greater operational efficiency, improve workflow processes, and optimize resource allocation. This leads to enhanced productivity, reduced waiting times, and increased patient throughput.
IT also supports evidence-based decision-making by providing real-time access to patient data, medical research, and treatment guidelines.
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Suppose demand and supply are given by the following, Qd = 167.4 – 2.9P Q$ = 31.2 + 1.4P. A tax of $3 creates $ . of deadweight loss.
DWL = 0.5 x $3 x (128.88 – 31.2) = $35.1Therefore, the imposition of a tax of $3 will create $35.1 in deadweight loss.
Deadweight loss is a loss of economic efficiency that occurs when the equilibrium for a good or service is not Pareto efficient. It is the social cost that exceeds the social advantage of a specific economic activity. This can be caused by a variety of reasons, including taxes, subsidies, and price floors or ceilings. For instance, a tax of $3 creates $35.1 of deadweight loss.Suppose demand and supply are given by the following, Qd = 167.4 – 2.9P and Q$ = 31.2 + 1.4P. A tax of $3 is imposed, which would result in a new supply curve as follows:Qs = 34.2 + 1.4P. The new price, as a result, will be $26 ($29 – $3), which is calculated by solving the equation: Qd = Qs. Therefore, Qd = 167.4 – 2.9P = 34.2 + 1.4P = Qs. By solving these equations for P, we get: P = $26 and the quantities demanded and supplied as 128.88 units. This change in the quantity will result in a loss of consumer surplus and a loss of producer surplus; this is known as deadweight loss.Using the formula for deadweight loss, we can calculate that a tax of $3 creates $35.1 of deadweight loss. To calculate this, we need to use the following formula:DWL = 0.5 x $3 x (128.88 – 31.2) = $35.1Therefore, the imposition of a tax of $3 will create $35.1 in deadweight loss.
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because our society values civil rights, punishment is not as swift/fast as it could be as in societies that do not value civil rights.
Punishment may be slower in societies that value civil rights, it is ultimately more just and equitable.
Civil rights are fundamental legal, social, and moral principles that grant all individuals equal rights and protections against discrimination and injustice. Because of the importance that society places on these rights, punishment is not as quick or straightforward as it might be in societies that do not place as much emphasis on them. The concept of civil rights is a relatively recent one in human history, and it has taken centuries of struggle to establish the systems of justice that are in place today. The idea behind civil rights is that all people, regardless of their race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, or any other personal characteristic, deserve the same legal protections and opportunities as everyone else. This means that punishment must be fair and just, based on the law and evidence rather than on personal bias or prejudice. While this can sometimes lead to delays in the legal process, it is crucial to ensuring that everyone is treated equally under the law. Swift punishment, without due process or regard for civil rights, is a hallmark of oppressive regimes and violates the principles of justice that we hold dear. Thus, while punishment may be slower in societies that value civil rights, it is ultimately more just and equitable.
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Firm A has an expected capital budget of $100,000 for next year. The firm uses a target capital structure with a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.25. The projected net income for next year is expected to be $100,000. Using a residual dividend policy, how much will the firm expect to pay in dividends next year?
Select one:
a. $10,000
b. $25,000
c. $20,000
d. $0
The firm expects to pay $20,000 in dividends next year (option c).
Here's how to calculate the dividends using the residual dividend policy:
Firm A has an expected capital budget of $100,000 for next year. The firm uses a target capital structure with a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.25. The projected net income for next year is expected to be $100,000. Using a residual dividend policy,
The target debt-to-equity ratio of the company is 0.25. Therefore, the debt ratio would be 0.25/1.25 = 0.2 and the equity ratio would be 1 - 0.2 = 0.8.For a firm to apply the residual dividend policy, it must meet all of its capital budgeting requirements using equity before issuing dividends.
Therefore, the amount of equity funding required is as follows:0.8 (Total capital budget) = 0.8 ($100,000) = $80,000
The amount of equity financing required is $80,000. The company's expected net income is $100,000. Subtract the equity financing from the net income to find the amount of funds remaining for dividend payments:
$100,000 - $80,000 = $20,000
The correct option is c.
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Discuss thoroughly all the questions ask below:
6. Coleman Technologies is considering a major expansion program that has been proposed by the company’s information technology group. Before proceeding with the expansion, the company must estimate its cost of capital. Suppose you are an assistant to Jerry Lehman, the financial vice president. Your first task is to estimate Coleman’s cost of capital. Lehman has provided you with the following data, which he believes may be relevant to your task.• The firm’s tax rate is 40%.• The current price of Coleman’s 12% coupon, semiannual payment, noncallable bonds with 15 years remaining to maturity is $1,153 72. Coleman does not use short-term interest-bearing debt on a permanent basis. New bonds would be privately placed with no flotation cost.• The current price of the firm’s 10%, $100 00 par value, quarterly dividend, perpetual preferred stock is $111 10.• Coleman’s common stock is currently selling for $50 00 per share. Its last dividend D0 was $4 19,and dividends are expected to grow at a constant annual rate of 5% in the foreseeable future. Coleman’s beta is 1 2, the yield on T-bonds is 7%, and the market risk premium is estimated to be6%. For the bond-yield-plus-risk-premium approach, the firm uses a risk premium of 4%.• Coleman’s target capital structure is 30% debt, 10% preferred stock, and 60% common equity. To structure the task somewhat, Lehman has asked you to answer the following questions.
6.1What sources of capital should be included when you estimate Coleman’s WACC?
6.2 Should the component costs be figured on a before-tax or an after-tax basis?
6.3 Should the costs be historical (embedded) costs or new (marginal) costs?
6.4 What is the market interest rate on Coleman’s debt and its component cost of debt?
6.5 What is the firm’s cost of preferred stock?
6.6 Coleman’s preferred stock is riskier to investors than its debt, yet the preferred’s yield to investors is lower than the yield to maturity on the debt. Does this suggest that you have made a mistake?
6.7 Why is there a cost associated with retained earnings?
6.8 What is Coleman’s estimated cost of common equity using the CAPM approach?
6.9 Coleman estimates that if it issues new common stock, the flotation cost will be 15%. Coleman incorporates the flotation costs into the DCF approach. What is the estimated cost of newly issued common stock, considering the flotation cost?
6.10 What is Coleman’s overall, or weighted average, cost of capital (WACC)? Ignore flotation costs.
Coleman's estimated WACC is approximately 9.97%. The target capital structure of 30% debt, 10% preferred stock, and 60% common equity, and the calculated component costs, we get:
6.1 The sources of capital that should be included when estimating Coleman's WACC are debt, preferred stock, and common equity.
6.2 The component costs should be figured on an after-tax basis because the interest paid on debt is tax-deductible, and therefore, the after-tax cost of debt represents the true cost to the company. Similarly, dividends on preferred stock are not tax-deductible, so the cost of preferred stock should also be figured on an after-tax basis.
6.3 The costs should be new (marginal) costs because the company is considering a major expansion program and will need to raise new capital to finance it.
6.4 The market interest rate on Coleman's debt can be determined by using the current price of the bond and its coupon rate. The bond's current yield to maturity is approximately 5.98%. To calculate the component cost of debt, we need to adjust for taxes since interest paid on debt is tax-deductible. Therefore, the after-tax cost of debt is approximately 3.59%.
6.5 The cost of preferred stock can be determined by dividing the annual dividend by the net price and then adjusting for taxes. In this case, the annual dividend is $10 ($100 par value x 10% dividend rate), and the net price is $111.10. Therefore, the before-tax cost of preferred stock is 9.00%, and the after-tax cost is approximately 5.40%.
6.6 This suggests that the market considers the preferred stock to be less risky than the debt, despite the fact that it is riskier to investors. This may be due to the fact that preferred dividends are cumulative, meaning that if the company misses a preferred dividend payment, it must pay all missed dividends before paying dividends on common stock. This makes preferred stock less risky in terms of receiving regular dividends, which may be attractive to some investors.
6.7 There is a cost associated with retained earnings because there is an opportunity cost of not paying dividends and instead using the funds for investment opportunities or other uses. This cost is reflected in the cost of equity, which includes both the expected return on investments and the opportunity cost of not receiving dividends.
6.8 Coleman's estimated cost of common equity using the CAPM approach can be calculated as follows:
Cost of Equity = Risk-free rate + Beta * Market Risk Premium
= 7% + 1.2 * 6%
= 14.2%
6.9 The estimated cost of newly issued common stock, considering the flotation cost, can be calculated as follows:
Cost of New Common Stock = (D1 / (P0 * (1 - F))) + g
where D1 is the expected dividend next period, P0 is the current price per share, F is the flotation cost percentage, and g is the expected constant growth rate.
Assuming a dividend growth rate of 5%, the expected dividend next period is $4.40 ($4.19 x 1.05). With a current price per share of $50 and a flotation cost of 15%, the denominator becomes $42.50 ($50 * (1 - 0.15)). Therefore, the before-tax cost of new common stock is approximately 12.12%. Adjusting for taxes, the after-tax cost of new common stock is approximately 10.30%.
6.10 The overall, or weighted average, cost of capital (WACC) can be calculated as follows:
WACC = (wd * kd * (1 - T)) + (wp * kp) + (wc * ke)
where wd is the weight of debt, kd is the after-tax cost of debt, T is the tax rate, wp is the weight of preferred stock, kp is the after-tax cost of preferred stock, wc is the weight of common equity, and ke is the cost of common equity.
Using the given target capital structure of 30% debt, 10% preferred stock, and 60% common equity, and the calculated component costs, we get:
WACC = (0.30 * 3.59% * (1 - 0.40)) + (0.10 * 5.40%) + (0.60 * 14.2%)
= 9.97%
Therefore, Coleman's estimated WACC is approximately 9.97%.
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WebHelper Inc. acquired 100% of the outstanding stock of Silicon Chips Corporation (SCC) for 45.1 million, of which $15.2 million was allocated to goodwill. At the end of the current fiscal year, an impairment test revealed the following: fair value of SCC, $44.3 million; book value of SCC's net assets (including goodwill), $42.3 million. million Check my work What amount of impairment loss should WebHelper recognize? (Enter your answers in millions (i.e., 10,000,000 should be entered as 10).)
The amount of impairment loss should WebHelper recognize is $2 million.
Let's calculate the amount of goodwill that will be left after the impairment loss:
Goodwill = Allocated goodwill - Impairment loss= $15.2 million
Impairment loss
We don't know the value of impairment loss yet, so let's just leave it as is.
Now, we can find the new value of SCC's net assets by subtracting the impairment loss from the current book value:
New net assets = Book value - Impairment loss= $42.3 million
Impairment loss
Now we can compare the fair value to the new net assets to determine if there is an impairment loss:
Fair value < New net assets
Fair value - New net assets = Impairment loss
$44.3 million - [$42.3 million - Impairment loss] = Impairment loss
$44.3 million - $42.3 million + Impairment loss = Impairment loss
$2 million + Impairment loss = Impairment loss
So we can substitute $2 million + Impairment loss for Impairment loss:
Goodwill = $15.2 million - [$2 million + Impairment loss]
New net assets = $42.3 million - Impairment loss
Fair value < New net assets
$44.3 million < $42.3 million
Impairment loss
$2 million > Impairment loss
Impairment loss < $2 million
WebHelper should recognize an impairment loss of less than $2 million.
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