In this warm up project, you are asked to write a C++ program proj1.cpp that lets the user or the computer play a guessing game. The computer randomly picks a number in between 1 and 100, and then for each guess the user or computer makes, the computer informs the user whether the guess was too high or too low. The program should start a new guessing game when the correct number is selected to end this run (see the sample run below).
Check this example and see how to use functions srand(), time() and rand() to generate the random number by computer.
Example of generating and using random numbers:
#include
#include // srand and rand functions
#include // time function
using namespace std;
int main()
{
const int C = 10;
int x;
srand(unsigned(time(NULL))); // set different seeds to make sure each run of this program will generate different random numbers
x = ( rand() % C);
cout << x << endl;
x = ( rand() % C ); // generate a random integer between 0 and C-1
cout << x << endl;
return 0;
}
*********************************************
Here is a sample run of the program:
Would you like to (p)lay or watch the (c)omputer play?
p
Enter your guess in between 1 and 100.
45
Sorry, your guess is too low, try again.
Enter your guess in between 1 and 100.
58
Sorry, your guess is too low, try again.
Enter your guess in between 1 and 100.
78
Sorry, your guess is too high, try again.
Enter your guess in between 1 and 100.
67
Sorry, your guess is too low, try again.
Enter your guess in between 1 and 100.
70
Sorry, your guess is too high, try again.
Enter your guess in between 1 and 100.
68
Sorry, your guess is too low, try again.
Enter your guess in between 1 and 100.
69
Congrats, you guessed the correct number, 69.
Would you like to (p)lay or watch the (c)omputer play or (q)uit?
c
The computer's guess is 50.
Sorry, your guess is too high, try again.
The computer's guess is 25.
Sorry, your guess is too high, try again.
The computer's guess is 13.
Sorry, your guess is too low, try again.
The computer's guess is 19.
Sorry, your guess is too high, try again.
The computer's guess is 16.
Sorry, your guess is too low, try again.
The computer's guess is 17.
Congrats, you guessed the correct number, 17.
Would you like to (p)lay or watch the (c)omputer play or (q)uit?
q
Press any key to continue
*****************************************************
So far I was able to create the user input ortion of the program, I need help coding the computer generated guessing game,
if the users input choice of computer at the end or choice of play.. if you could help me build on what I have below greatly appreciate it!!! thank you
code I have got so far:
#include
#include
#include
int main(void) {
srand(time(NULL)); // To not have the same numbers over and over again.
while(true) { // Main loop.
// Initialize and allocate.
int number = rand() % 99 + 2; // System number is stored in here.
int guess; // User guess is stored in here.
int tries = 0; // Number of tries is stored here.
char answer; // User answer to question is stored here.
//std::cout << number << "\n"; // Was used for debug...
while(true) { // Get user number loop.
// Get number.
std::cout << "Enter a number between 1 and 100 (" << 20 - tries << " tries left): ";
std::cin >> guess;
std::cin.ignore();
// Check is tries are taken up.
if(tries >= 20) {
break;
}
// Check number.
if(guess > number) {
std::cout << "Too high! Try again.\n";
} else if(guess < number) {
std::cout << "Too low! Try again.\n";
} else {
break;
}
// If not number, increment tries.
tries++;
}
// Check for tries.
if(tries >= 20) {
std::cout << "You ran out of tries!\n\n";
} else {
// Or, user won.
std::cout<<"Congratulations!! " << std::endl;
std::cout<<"You got the right number in " << tries << " tries!\n";
}
while(true) { // Loop to ask user is he/she would like to play again.
// Get user response.
std::cout << "Would you like to play again (Y/N)? ";
std::cin >> answer;
std::cin.ignore();
// Check if proper response.
if(answer == 'n' || answer == 'N' || answer == 'y' || answer == 'Y') {
break;
} else {
std::cout << "Please enter \'Y\' or \'N\'...\n";
}
}
// Check user's input and run again or exit;
if(answer == 'n' || answer == 'N') {
std::cout << "Thank you for playing!";
break;
} else {
std::cout << "\n\n\n";
}
}
// Safely exit.
std::cout << "\n\nEnter anything to exit. . . ";
std::cin.ignore();
return 0;
}
Answers
Answer:
A C++ program was used for a user or the computer play a guessing game.
Explanation:
The C++ code to this question:
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib> // srand and rand functions
#include <ctime> // time function
using namespace std;
int main()
{
const int C = 100;// constant integer with defined value 100
char type;// type of option chosen
cout<<"Would you like to (p)lay or watch the (c)omputer play?"<<endl;
cin>>type;// input of type
do{// for first iteration you can't choose q
int x;
srand(unsigned(time(NULL))); // set different seeds to make sure each run of this program will generate different random numbers
x = ( rand() % C);
x++;// random value between 1 and 100
int check=-1;// make initial check=-1
int ends=C;// for type selected as c, make the initial guess to be chosen from 1 to 100
int start=1;
while(1)
{
if(type=='p')// if selected type is p
{
cout<<"Enter your guess in between 1 and 100."<<endl;
cin>>check;
}
else if(type=='c')// if selected type is c
{
check=start+(rand()%(ends-(start-1)));//get a random number between updated start and ends for computer guessing
cout<<"The computer's guess is "<<(check)<<"."<<endl;
}
else// if type is not equal to c or p or q
{
cout<<"Invalid option chosen"<<endl;
break;
}
if(check>x)// if the guess is greater
{
cout<<"Sorry, your guess is too high, try again."<<endl;
ends=check-1;// update ends in case type is c
}
else if(check<x)
{
cout<<"Sorry, your guess is too low, try again."<<endl;
start=check+1;// update start
}
else// if right number is selected
{
cout<<"Congrats, you guessed the correct number, "<<x<<"."<<endl;
break;
}
}
cout<<"Would you like to (p)lay or watch the (c)omputer play or (q)uit?"<<endl;
cin>>type;
}while(type!='q');
return 0;
}
Note: Kindly find an attached copy of the screenshot of execution of code below
Related Questions
Write MATLAB script programs to perform the following conversions, taking a value in SI units as the input argument and returning the value to US Customary Units.
a. Length: Centimeters to inches.
b. Temperature: °C to °F
c. Force: Newton to Pound-forced.
d. Speed: Meters per second to miles per hour
Answers
Create a class to represent the locker and another class to represent the combination lock. The Locker class will include an attribute that is of type CombinationLock. Each class must include a constructor with no input argument and also a constructor that requires input arguments for all attributes. Each class must include the appropriate set and get methods. Each class must include a method to print out all attributes.
Answers
Answer:
Class Locker
public class Locker {
int lockno;
String student;
int booksno;
private CombinationLock comblock = new CombinationLock();
public Locker() {
lockno = 0;
student= "No Name";
booksno = 0;
comblock.reset(); }
public Locker(int lockno, String student, int booksno,
CombinationLock comblock) {
super();
this.lockno= lockno;
this.student= student;
this.booksno= booksno;
this.comblock= comblock; }
public int getLockNo() {
return lockno; }
public void setLockNo(int lockno) {
this.lockno= lockno; }
public String getName() {
return student; }
public void setName(String student) {
this.student = student; }
public int getBooksNumber() {
return booksno; }
public void setBooksNumber(int booksno) {
this.booksno= booksno; }
public String getComblock() {
return comblock.toString(); }
public void setComblock(int no1, int no2, int no3) {
this.comblock.setNo1(no1);
this.comblock.setNo2(no2);
this.comblock.setNo3(no3); }
public String printValues() {
return "Locker [lockno=" + lockno+ ", student="
+ student+ ", booksno=" + booksno
+ ", comblock=" + comblock+ "]"; } }
The class Locker has attributes lockno for lock number, student for students names and bookno for recording number of books. Locker class also an attribute of type CombinationLock named as comblock. Locker class includes a constructor Locker() with no input argument and also a constructor Locker() that requires input arguments for all attributes lockno, student, booksno and comblock. super() calls on immediate parent class constructor. Class Locker contains the following set methods: setLockNo, setName, setBooksNumber and setComblock. Class Locker contains the following get methods: getLockNo, getName, getBooksNumber and getComblock. printValues() method displays the values of attributes.
Explanation:
Class CombinationLock
*/ CombinationLock has attributes no1, no2 and no3. It has a constructor CombinationLock() with no input argument and also a constructor CombinationLock() that requires input arguments for attributes no1 no2 and no3. Class CombinationLock contains the following set methods: setNo1, setNo2 and setNo3. The class contains the following get methods: getNo1, getNo2 and getNo3. The class includes a method printValues() to print out all attributes.
public class CombinationLock {
int no1;
int no2;
int no3;
public CombinationLock() {
this.no1= 0;
this.no2= 0;
this.no3= 0; }
public CombinationLock(int no1, int no2, int no3) {
super();
this.no1= no1;
this.no2= no2;
this.no3= no3; }
public int getNo1() {
return no1; }
public void setNo1(int no1) {
this.no1= no1; }
public int getNo2() {
return no2; }
public void setNo2(int no2) {
this.no2= no2; }
public int getNo3() {
return no3; }
public void setNo3(int no3) {
this.no3= no3; }
public void reset() {
this.no1=0;
this.no2=0;
this.no3=0; }
public String printValues() {
return "CombinationLock [no1=" + no1+ ", no2=" + no2
+ ", no3=" + no3+ "]"; } }
Write an if-else statement with multiple branches. If year is 2101 or later, print "Distant future" (without quotes). Otherwise, if year is 2001 or greater, print "21st century". Otherwise, if year is 1901 or greater, print "20th century". Else (1900 or earlier), print "Long ago". Sample output with input: 1776 Long ago
Answers
Answer:
year = int(input("Enter a year: "))
if year >= 2101:
print("Distant future")
elif year >= 2001:
print("21st century")
elif year >= 1901:
print("20th century")
else:
print("Long ago")
Explanation:
*The code is in Python.
Ask the user to enter a year
Use if-else statement to check the year and print the appropriate message given for each condition. If year is greater than or equal to 2101, print "Distant future". If year is greater than or equal to 2001, print "21st century". If year is greater than or equal to 1901, print "20th century". Otherwise, print "Long ago".
Rewrite this method so that it avoids the use of a return statement:
void divisionQuestion()
{
int x, y;
x = (int)random(-10, 11);
y = (int)random(-10, 11);
if (y == 0)
{
println("Sorry we chose 0 for the denominator");
return;
}
else
println(x + " divided by " + y + " is " + x / y);
}
Answers
What are keyboards that include all the keys found on a typical virtual keyboard, as well as extra keys, such as function and navigation keys
Answers
Answer:
multimedia keyboard i think
Explanation:
The keyboards that include all the keys found on a typical virtual keyboard including function and navigation keys are called;
Laptops
A virtual keyboard is one that appears only when we require it and then goes away after we are done using it. Due to the nature of them, they occupy a small space. Examples of these virtual keyboards are the keyboards in touch screen mobile phones as well as tablets. Also, there are some computer operating systems that support virtual keyboards such as Windows 10.Now, it is pertinent to know that virtual keyboards don't require physical keys to operate and also they don't possess the function and navigation keys that traditional keyboards have.The only other unit that has a keyboard that possesses the function and navigation keys are Laptops.Read more at; https://brainly.in/question/11722276
Suppose that you are given the following partial data segment, which starts at address 0x0700 : .data idArray DWORD 1800, 1719, 1638, 1557, 1476, 1395, 1314, 1233, 1152, 1071, 990 u DWORD LENGTHOF idArray v DWORD SIZEOF idArray What value does EAX contain after the following code has executed? (Ignore the .0000 that Canvas sticks on the end) mov esi, OFFSET idArray mov eax, [esi+0*TYPE idArray]
Answers
Answer:
The value EAX contain after the code has been executed is 1233
Explanation:
Solution
Now,
The below instruction describes the MOV operation.
The MOV esi, OFFSET idArray .
It shows the movement, the offset value of the idArray in the esi.
Thus,
Follow the below instruction
MOV eax, [esi+7*TYPE idArray]
It will move the address of the idArray at that position into eax.
Value at the 7th position is moved to eax.
Therefore, the value at eax will be 1233.
write pseudocode to represent the logic of a program that allows the user to enter a value for one edge of a cube. The program calculates the surface area of one side of the cube, the surface area of the cube, and its volume. The program outputs all the results.
Answers
Answer:
prompt("Enter a value for one edge of a cube")
Store user's value into edgeCube
area = 6 * (edgeCube * edgeCube)
volume = edgeCube * edgeCube * edgeCube
print("One side of the cube is: " + edgecube);
print("The area is: " + area)
print("The volume is: " + volume)
Consider the class Money declared below. Write the member functions declared below and the definition of the overloaded +. Modify the class declaration and write the definitions that overload the stream extraction and stream insertion operators >> and << to handle Money objects like $250.99
Write a short driver main() program to test the overloaded operators +, << and >> class Money { public: friend Money operator +(const Money& amountl, const Money& amount2) Money(); // constructors Money( int dollars, int cents); // set dollars, cents double get_value() const; void printamount();// print dollars and cents like $12.25 private: int all_cents; // all amount in cents };
Answers
Answer: Provided in the explanation section
Explanation:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Money{
private:
int all_cents;
public:
Money();
double get_value() const;
Money(int,int);
void printamount();
friend Money operator+(const Money&, const Money&);
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const Money&);
friend istream& operator>>(istream&, Money&);
};
Money::Money(){all_cents=0;}
double Money::get_value() const{return all_cents/100.0;}
Money::Money(int dollar ,int cents){
all_cents = dollar*100+cents;
}
void Money::printamount(){
cout<<"$"<<get_value()<<endl;
}
Money operator+(const Money& m1, const Money& m2){
int total_cents = m1.all_cents + m2.all_cents;
int dollars = total_cents/100;
total_cents %=100;
return Money(dollars,total_cents);
}
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const Money& m1){
out<<"$"<<m1.get_value()<<endl;
return out;
}
istream& operator>>(istream& input, Money& m1){
input>>m1.all_cents;
return input;
}
int main(){
Money m1;
cout<<"Enter total cents: ";
cin>>m1;
cout<<"Total Amount: "<<m1;
Money m2 = Money(5,60);
Money m3 = Money(4,60);
cout<<"m2 = ";m2.printamount();
cout<<"m3 = ";m3.printamount();
Money sum = m2+m3;
cout<<"sum = "<<sum;
}
cheers i hope this helped !!
Imagine a TCP session over wireless where the congestion window is fixed at 5 segments (congestion control is turned off and no fast retransmits). Segments may get lost but are not reordered. The receiver has an infinite buffer and it sends an acknowledgment as soon as it receives a segment, i.e., acknowledgments are not deferred. Similarly, the sender transmits a segment as soon as it is allowed to. Each segment carries 1000 bytes and the time to transmit a segment is 2 ms. Assume that transmission of ACK takes negligible time. Note that the retransmission timer for a segment is started after the last bit of the segment is sent. Assume Go-Back-5, and accumulative ACK is used.
Suppose two data segments with byte sequence numbers 3000 and 15000 are lost once during the transmission. How many segments get retransmitted under each of the following conditions?
A. Round trip time = 100 ms, Timeout = 101 ms
B. Round trip time = 100 ms, Timeout = 152 ms
Answers
Answer:
a) 179 segments
b) 28 segments
Explanation:
Given data :
A) Round trip time = 100 ms, Timeout = 101 ms
number of segments for round trip = 3000/100 = 30 segments
number of segments for timeout = 15000/100 = 150 segments
total number of segments = 150 + 30 = 180
segments that get re-transmitted under A
Total segments - timeout = 180 - 101 = 179 segments
B) Round trip = 100 ms Timeout = 152 ms
number of segments for round trip = 3000/100 = 30 segments
number of segments for timeout = 15000/100 = 150 segments
total segments = 150 + 30 = 180
segments that get re-transmitted under B
total segments - timeout = 180 - 152 = 28 segments
How might the use of computers and knowledge of technology systems affect your personal and professional success?
Answers
): A cable has a bandwidth of 3000 Hz assigned for data communication. The SNR is 3162. How many signal levels do we need?
Answers
Answer:
[tex]L=2^{25830}[/tex] is the correct answer .
Explanation:
bandwidth = 3000 Hz
SNR =3162
We know that
[tex]bitrate = bandwidth * log2(1 + SNR)[/tex]
Putting the value of bandwidth and SNR in the given equation .
[tex]bitrate = 3000 * log_{2} ^\ (1 + 3162) \\\\birate = 3000 * log_{2} ^\ {3163} \\\\birate =3000 * 11.\ 6\\\\bitrate=\ 34860 bps[/tex]
Now using the formula
[tex]BitRate = 2 * Bandwidth * log_{2} (L)[/tex]
Putting the value of bitRate and bandwidth we get
[tex]34860=2\ * 3000\ * \ log_{2} (L)\\34860=6000 * \ log_{2} (L)[/tex]
[tex]31860-6000=log_2L\\25830=log_2L\\L=2^{25830}[/tex]
The part of a computer that we can touch and feel: (one word answer)
Answers
Answer:
hardware
Explanation:
hardware is the part where we can touch and feel while software ,we cant
Answer:
keyboard
Explanation:
When we convert an automaton to a regular expression, we need to build expression not go through certain other states. Below is a nondeterministic finite automaton with three states. For each of the six orders of the three states, find s for the labels along paths from one state to another state that do regular expressions that give the set of labels along all paths from the first state to the second state that never go through the third state. Then identify one of these expressions from the list of choices below.
a) (10)*1 represents the paths from C to B that do not go through A.
b) 1 represents the paths from C to B that do not go through A.
c) (01)+ represents the paths from B to C that do not go through A
d) 1 represents the paths from A to B that do not go through C.
Answers
Answer: Provided in the explanation section
Explanation:
The below explanation will help to make this question simple to understanding.
For the questions presented, this analysis surfaces,
⇒ a) (10)*1 in this path we can go through A for C to B as 1010 exist from C to A then B also.
i.e. Option A is wrong , there is transition from c to A with 1.
b) 0 represent the path from B to A and from B to C also. So this is also not a solution.
i.e. Option B is wrong with input 1 there is path to both A and B from c
c) (1+11)0)*1 in this path for cover the 1+11 we have to go in two paths one is only 1 and second is 11. So 11 is the path which goes through the A.
i.e. Option c is wrong , with input 0 there is path to c input symbol 1 is not required
d) (01)+ is correct because we have + sign here not * so it not executes multiple times execute only 1 more time. So it is the path from B to C that does not through A.
cheers i hope this helped !!
Implement the Dining Philosophers problem (described on pages 167-170 in the textbook (chapter 2.5.1)). Create a Graphical User Interface - showing which philosopher is eating, and which is waiting/thinking at any given time. Show the forks. Use Java programming language for this project.
Answers
Answer: Provided in the explanation section
Explanation:
class philosopher extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
diningps.count++;
philosopher(diningps.count);
}
public void philosopher(int i)
{
take_forks(i);
System.out.println(i+"philosopher Eating");
put_forks(i);
}
public void take_forks(int i)
{
while(diningps.mutex<=0)
{
System.out.println(i+"philosopher has to be wait while other philosopher in testing");
}
diningps.state[i]="HUNGRY";
test(i);
diningps.mutex=1;
while(diningps.S[i]<=0)
{
System.out.println(i+"philosopher has to be wait while his left or right side philosopher eating.");
}
}
public void put_forks(int i)
{
while(diningps.mutex<=0)
{
System.out.println(i+"philosopher has to be wait while other philosopher in testing");
}
diningps.state[i]="THINK";
test((i+4)%5);
test((i+1)%5);
diningps.mutex=1;
}
public void test(int i)
{
if(diningps.state[i]=="HUNGRY" && diningps.state[(i+4)%5]!="EAT" && diningps.state[(i+1)%5]!="EAT")
{
diningps.state[i]="EAT";
diningps.S[i]=1;
}
}
}
class diningps
{
static int mutex=1;
static int S[]={0,0,0,0,0};
static String state[]={"THINK","THINK","THINK","THINK","THINK"};
static int count=-1;
public static void main(String ar[])
{
philosopher ob=new philosopher();
philosopher ob1=new philosopher();
philosopher ob2=new philosopher();
philosopher ob3=new philosopher();
philosopher ob4=new philosopher();
ob.start();
ob1.start();
ob2.start();
ob3.start();
ob4.start();
}
}
cheers i hope this helped !!
Riding a motorcycle on the street is not for everyone because: A. Highway signs are more difficult for motorcyclists to read B. Some people have difficulty managing risk C. All motorcycles are not the same D. Everyone can ride a bicycle
Answers
Answer:
Option B:
Some people have a difficulty in managing risks
Explanation:
Riding a motorcycle is a lot riskier than driving a car. This is because motorcyclists are exposed, and any accident that occurs will most likely lead to bodily harm to the rider.
Some individuals, have problems managing such risks, and cannot comfortably control the motorbike on the highway because of the number of cars speeding by.
Such individuals are not expected to be riding as this lack of confidence when riding on the highways can lead to accidents.
Discuss reason why you may prefer to have cookies disabled on your browser
Answers
Answer:
For me this is because, if I don't accept them they won't let me see what I came there for and my megabyte will be wasting.
Explanation:
In implementing Secunity Lfe Cycle:_______
a) all one needs to do is patch up all software packages arnd operating systems
b) one needs to folow through all phases, assessment, design, deploy and manage security
c) one needs to fo low through all sx phases of SDLC
d) one needs to do asset assets of the company and buy wha: is not there
Answers
Answer:
c
Explanation:
because its inportant
Separating calculations into methods simplifies modifying and expanding programs.
The following program calculates the tax rate and tax to pay, using methods. One method returns a tax rate based on an annual salary.
Run the program below with annual salaries of 40000, 60000, and 0.
Change the program to use a method to input the annual salary.
Run the program again with the same annual salaries as above. Are results the same?
This is the code including what I am working on added. I will not run. I need to remove some areas to designate the scanner as the source of input but I am unsure of which area.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class IncomeTax {
// Method to get a value from one table based on a range in the other table
public static double getCorrespondingTableValue(int search, int [] baseTable, double [] valueTable) {
int baseTableLength = baseTable.length;
double value = 0.0;
int i = 0;
boolean keepLooking = true;
i = 0;
while ((i < baseTableLength) && keepLooking) {
if (search <= baseTable[i]) {
value = valueTable[i];
keepLooking = false;
}
else {
++i;
}
}
return value;
}
public static void readInput(int salaryOne, int salaryTwo, int salaryThree);
annualSalary = 0;
Scanner scnr = new Scanner(System.in);
scnr nextInt();
new annualSalary;
public static void main (String [] args) {
Scanner scnr = new Scanner(System.in);
int annualSalary = 0;
double taxRate = 0.0;
int taxToPay = 0;
int i = 0;
int [] salaryBase = { 20000, 50000, 100000, 999999999 };
double [] taxBase = { .10, .20, .30, .40 };
// FIXME: Change the input to come from a method
System.out.println("\nEnter annual salary (0 to exit): ");
annualSalary = scnr.nextInt();
while (annualSalary > 0) {
taxRate = getCorrespondingTableValue(annualSalary, salaryBase, taxBase);
taxToPay= (int)(annualSalary * taxRate); // Truncate tax to an integer amount
System.out.println("Annual salary: " + annualSalary +
"\tTax rate: " + taxRate +
"\tTax to pay: " + taxToPay);
// Get the next annual salary
// FIXME: Change the input to come from a method
System.out.println("\nEnter annual salary (0 to exit): ");
annualSalary = scnr.nextInt();
}
return;
}
}
Answers
Answer: Provided in the explanation section
Explanation:
Programs:
IncomeTax.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class IncomeTax {
// Method to get a value from one table based on a range in the other table
public static double getCorrespondingTableValue(int search, int [] baseTable, double [] valueTable) {
int baseTableLength = baseTable.length;
double value = 0.0;
int i = 0;
boolean keepLooking = true;
i = 0;
while ((i < baseTableLength) && keepLooking) {
if (search <= baseTable[i]) {
value = valueTable[i];
keepLooking = false;
}
else {
++i;
}
}
return value;
}
public static int readInput(Scanner scan){
System.out.println("\nEnter annual salary (0 to exit): ");
int annualSalary = scan.nextInt();
return annualSalary;
}
public static void main (String [] args) {
Scanner scnr = new Scanner(System.in);
int annualSalary = 0;
double taxRate = 0.0;
int taxToPay = 0;
int [] salaryBase = { 20000, 50000, 100000, 999999999 };
double [] taxBase = { .10, .20, .30, .40 };
// FIXME: Change the input to come from a method
annualSalary = readInput(scnr);
while (annualSalary > 0) {
taxRate = getCorrespondingTableValue(annualSalary, salaryBase, taxBase);
taxToPay= (int)(annualSalary * taxRate); // Truncate tax to an integer amount
System.out.println("Annual salary: " + annualSalary +
"\tTax rate: " + taxRate +
"\tTax to pay: " + taxToPay);
// Get the next annual salary
// FIXME: Change the input to come from a method
annualSalary = readInput(scnr);
}
return;
}
}
Output:
Enter annual salary (0 to exit):
10000
Annual salary: 10000 Tax rate: 0.1 Tax to pay: 1000
Enter annual salary (0 to exit):
50000
Annual salary: 50000 Tax rate: 0.2 Tax to pay: 10000
Enter annual salary (0 to exit):
0
Ask the user to enter a number for red, green, and blue components of an RGB value. Test to make sure each value is between 0 and 255 inclusive. If a color's value is out of range, print which component is not correct (e.g., "Red number is not correct" if the red value is 300). Multiple colors may be out of range.
Answers
Answer:
r = int(input("Enter a number for red channel: ")) g = int(input("Enter a number for green channel: ")) b = int(input("Enter a number for blue channel: ")) if(r < 0 or r >255): print("Red number is not correct.") if(g < 0 or g >255): print("Green number is not correct.") if(b < 0 or b >255): print("Blue number is not correct.")Explanation:
The solution code is written in Python.
Firstly, prompt user to input three numbers for red, green and blue (Line 1-3).
Next, create three similar if statements to check if the red, green and blue are within the range 0-255 by using logical operator "or" to check if the number is smaller than 0 or bigger than 255. If either one condition is met, display a message to indicate a particular color number is not correct (Line 5-12).
The program written in python 3 which displays the whether the range of RGB values inputted by the user is in range goes thus :
r = int(input('Enter red value between 0 - 255'))
g = int(input('Enter green value between 0 - 255'))
b = int(input('Enter blue value between 0 - 255'))
#accepts inputs for red, green and blue values from the user
vals = {'red':r, 'green':g, 'blue':b}
#read the values into a dictionary and assign the values inputted by the user as the values
for k, v in vals.items():
#iterate through the dictionary as key-value pairs
if(v < 0) or (v > 255):
#Check of the values inputted is within range (0 - 255)
print('%s is not correct' %k)
#for any value which is out of range, display the name of the color and state that it is incorrect.
A sample run of the program ls attached below.
Learn more :https://brainly.com/question/18802298
Mileage Calculator You are tasked with creating a mileage caclulator to calculate the amount of money that should be paid to employees. The mileage is computed as follows An amount of .25 for each mile up to 100 miles An amount of .15 for every mile above 100. So 115 miles would be (.25 * 100) (.15 * 15) This can all be coded using a mathematical solution but I want you to use an if / else statement. Here is how you are to implement it: If the total miles input is less than or equal to 100 then simply calculate the miles * .25 and output the amount otherwise compute the total amount for all miles mathematically. Input: Total number of miles Process: dollar amount owed for miles driven Output: Amount of money due
Answers
Answer:
mileage = float(input("Enter mileage: ")) if (mileage > 100): amount = (mileage - 100) * 0.15 + 100 * 0.25 else: amount = mileage * 0.25 print("Total amount: $" + str(amount))Explanation:
The solution code is written in Python 3.
Firstly, prompt user to input a mileage (Line 1).
Next, create an if statement to check if a mileage greater than 100 (Line 3). If so, apply the formula to calculate amount with mileage above 100 (Line 4) otherwise, calculate the amount just by multiplying the mileage by 0.25.
At last, print the total amount (Line 8).
Write a program to simulate a payroll application. To that affect you will also create an Employee class, according to the specifications below. Since an Employee list might be large, and individual Employee objects may contain significant information themselves, we will store the Employee list as a linked list. You will also be asked to implement a basic linked list from scratch.
Attributes:
• Employee ID: you can use a string – the ID will contain digits and/or hyphens. The ID cannot be changed once an employee object is created.
• Number of hours worked in a week: a floating-point number.
• Hourly pay rate: a floating-point number that represents how much the employee is paid for one hour of work.
• Gross wages: a floating-point number that stores the number of hours times the hourly rate.
Methods:
• A constructor (__init__)
• Setter methods as needed.
• Getter methods as needed.
• This class should overload the __str__ or __repr__ methods so that Employee objects can be displayed using the print() function.
Answers
Print Job Cost Calculator (10 points)
Filename: PrintJobCost.java
Write a program that asks the user to enter a string that encodes a print job. The string has this format:
"Papersize ColorType Count"
PaperSize, colorType and count are separated by exactly one space.
The first part of the string represents the size of the paper used:
Paper Size (string) Cost per Sheet ($)
"Letter" 0.05
The second part of the string represents the color of the printing. This cost is added to the cost of the paper itself
Printing Type (string) Cost per Sheet($)
"Grayscale" 0.01
"Colored" 0.10
The program computes and prints the total cost of the current printing job to two decimal places to the right of the decimal point.
Note: You may assume that all function arguments will be valid (e.g., no negative values, invalid paper sizes, etc.)
Several example runs are given below.
t Enter print job info: Legal Grayscale 44 Print job cost: $3.08 C Enter print job info: A4 Colored 4 Print job cost: $0.62 t Enter print job info: Letter Grayscale 32 Print job cost: $1.9
Answers
Answer: Provided in the explanation section
Explanation:
Provided is the code to run this program
Source Code:
import java.util.Scanner;
class PrintJobCost
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter print job info:");
String info=input.nextLine();
String size="",type="";
int count=0,i=0,len=info.length();
double cost=0.0;
while(info.charAt(i)!=' '){
size=size+info.charAt(i);
i++;
}
i++;
while(info.charAt(i)!=' '){
type=type+info.charAt(i);
i++;
}
i++;
while(i<len){
count=count*10+Integer.parseInt(String.valueOf(info.charAt(i)));
i++;
}
if(size.equals("Letter"))
cost=cost+0.05;
else if(size.equals("Legal"))
cost=cost+0.06;
else if(size.equals("A4"))
cost=cost+0.055;
else if(size.equals("A5"))
cost=cost+0.04;
if(type.equals("Grayscale"))
cost=cost+0.01;
else if(type.equals("Colored"))
cost=cost+0.10;
cost=cost*count;
System.out.printf("print job Cost:$ %.2f\n",cost);
}
}
cheers i hope this helped !!!
The first programming project involves writing a program that computes the minimum, the maximum and the average weight of a collection of weights represented in pounds and ounces that are read from an input file. This program consists of two classes. The first class is the Weight class, which is specified in integer pounds and ounces stored as a double precision floating point number. It should have five public methods and two private methods:A public constructor that allows the pounds and ounces to be initialized to the values supplied as parameters.A public instance method named lessThan that accepts one weight as a parameter and returns whether the weight object on which it is invoked is less than the weight supplied as a parameter.A public instance method named addTo that accepts one weight as a parameter and adds the weight supplied as a parameter to the weight object on which it is invoked. It should normalize the result.A public instance method named divide that accepts an integer divisor as a parameter. It should divide the weight object on which the method is invoked by the supplied divisor and normalize the result.A public instance toString method that returns a string that looks as follows: x lbs y oz, where x is the number of pounds and y the number of ounces. The number of ounces should be displayed with three places to the right of the decimal.A private instance method toOunces that returns the total number of ounces in the weight object on which is was invoked.A private instance method normalize that normalizes the weight on which it was invoked by ensuring that the number of ounces is less than the number of ounces in a pound.Both instance variable must be private. In addition the class should contain a private named constant that defines the number of ounces in a pound, which is 16. The must not contain any other public methods.The second class should be named Project1. It should consist of the following four class (static) methods.The main method that reads in the file of weights and stores them in an array of type Weight. It should then display the smallest, largest and average weight by calling the remaining three methods. The user should be able to select the input file from the default directory by using the JFileChooser class. The input file should contain one weight per line. If the number of weights in the file exceeds 25, an error message should be displayed and the program should terminate.A private class method named findMinimum that accepts the array of weights as a parameter together with the number of valid weights it contains. It should return the smallest weight in that array.A private class method named findMaximum that accepts the array of weights as a parameter together with the number of valid weights it contains. It should return the largest weight in that array.A private class method named findAverage that accepts the array of weights as a parameter together with the number of valid weights it contains. It should return the average of all the weights in that array.Be sure to follow good programming style, which means making all instance variables private, naming all constants and avoiding the duplication of code. Furthermore you must select enough different input files to completely test the program.Java programmingThe text file could not be attached but it looks like this:Year,Weight in Lbs,Weight Loss Rate1994,713.6,91995,684.5,8.21996,636.6,7.41997,611,6.81998,567.6,6.31999,523,5.72000,506.5,5.52001,504.5,5.62002,494.4,5.62003,475.8,5.72004,463.2,5.52005,469,5.62006,479.3,5.82007,471.8,5.72008,458.6,5.42009,431.9,52010,404.5,4.82011,387.1,4.72012,387.8,4.72013,367.9,4.5please tell me what to do? How to get the problem done.
Answers
Answer:
yoooooooooooooooooooooooo
Explanation:
lrmgkrmbm mrm g
3.22 LAB: Driving cost - methods Write a method drivingCost() with input parameters drivenMiles, milesPerGallon, and dollarsPerGallon, that returns the dollar cost to drive those miles. All items are of type double. If the method is called with 50 20.0 3.1599, the method returns 7.89975. Define that method in a program whose inputs are the car's miles/gallon and the gas dollars/gallon (both doubles). Output the gas cost for 10 miles, 50 miles, and 400 miles, by calling your drivingCost() method three times. Output each floating-point value with two digits after the decimal point, which can be achieved as follows: System.out.printf("%.2f", yourValue); The output ends with a newline. Ex: If the input is: 20.0 3.1599 the output is: 1.58 7.90 63.20 Your program must define and call a method: public static double drivingCost(double drivenMiles, double milesPerGallon, double dollarsPerGallon) Note: This is a lab from a previous chapter that now requires the use of a method.
Answers
Answer:
The java program for the given scenario is as follows.
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.lang.*;
public class Test
{
//variables to hold miles per gallon and cost per gallon
static double miles_gallon, dollars_gallon;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter the car's mileage in miles per gallon: ");
miles_gallon=sc.nextDouble();
System.out.print("Enter the cost of gas in dollars per gallon: ");
dollars_gallon=sc.nextDouble();
System.out.printf("The cost of gas for 10 miles is $%.2f\n", drivingCost(10, miles_gallon, dollars_gallon));
System.out.printf("The cost of gas for 50 miles is $%.2f\n", drivingCost(50, miles_gallon, dollars_gallon));
System.out.printf("The cost of gas for 400 miles is $%.2f\n", drivingCost(400, miles_gallon, dollars_gallon));
}
//method to compute cost of gas
public static double drivingCost(double drivenMiles, double milesPerGallon, double dollarsPerGallon)
{
double cost = ((drivenMiles/milesPerGallon)*dollarsPerGallon);
return cost;
}
}
OUTPUT
Enter the car's mileage in miles per gallon: 12
Enter the cost of gas in dollars per gallon: 23
The cost of gas for 10 miles is $19.17
The cost of gas for 50 miles is $95.83
The cost of gas for 400 miles is $766.67
Explanation:
1. Two double variables to hold user input for miles per gallon and cost of gas per gallon, are declared.
2. The variables are declared static, and at the class level (outside main()).
3. Inside main(), an object of Scanner class is created.
4. User input is taken for miles per gallon and cost of gas per gallon.
5. Next, the method, drivingCost() is called. This method takes three parameters - miles per gallon, cost of gas per gallon and miles driven. Based on these parameters and the given formula, the cost of gas is computed.
6. This value is then displayed to the user.
7. The method, drivingCost(), is called three times for 10 miles, 50 miles and 400 miles being driven.
8. The whole code is written inside a class since java is a purely object-oriented language.
9. The object of the class is not created since only a single class is used.
10. The program is saved as Test.java.
In this exercise we have to use the knowledge in computational language in JAVA to describe a code that best suits, so we have:
The code can be found in the attached image.
To make it simpler we can write this code as:
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.lang.*;
public class Test
{
//variables to hold miles per gallon and cost per gallon
static double miles_gallon, dollars_gallon;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter the car's mileage in miles per gallon: ");
miles_gallon=sc.nextDouble();
System.out.print("Enter the cost of gas in dollars per gallon: ");
dollars_gallon=sc.nextDouble();
System.out.printf("The cost of gas for 10 miles is $%.2f\n", drivingCost(10, miles_gallon, dollars_gallon));
System.out.printf("The cost of gas for 50 miles is $%.2f\n", drivingCost(50, miles_gallon, dollars_gallon));
System.out.printf("The cost of gas for 400 miles is $%.2f\n", drivingCost(400, miles_gallon, dollars_gallon));
}
//method to compute cost of gas
public static double drivingCost(double drivenMiles, double milesPerGallon, double dollarsPerGallon)
{
double cost = ((drivenMiles/milesPerGallon)*dollarsPerGallon);
return cost;
}
}
See more about JAVA at brainly.com/question/19705654
We have a combinatorial logic function that can be decomposed into three steps each with the indicated delay with a resulting clock speed of 5.26 GHz.
1. 65ps
2. 45ps
3. 60ps
4. Reg 20ps
Assume we further pipeline this logic by adding just one additional register between the first two or last two stages of combinatorial logic. What would be the highest resulting clock speed we could achieve in GHz?
We have a combinatorial logic function that can be decomposed into three steps each with the indicated delay with a resulting clock speed of 4.76 GHz.
1. 65ps
2. 55ps
3. 70ps
4. Reg 20ps
Assume we further pipeline this logic by adding just one additional register between the first two or last two stages of combinatorial logic. What would be the highest resulting clock speed we could achieve in GHzi?
Answers
Answer:
1. 11.77 GHz
2. 11.11 GHz
Explanation:
1.
From the given information;
the highest resulting clock speed we could achieve in GHz is calculated as follows:
Using the formula:
highest resulting clock speed = 1/max (stage,stage,stage,stage) + register delay)
highest resulting clock speed = 1/max(65ps, 45ps, 60 ps) + 20ps)
highest resulting clock speed = 1/(65 + 20)ps
highest resulting clock speed = 1/85 ps
highest resulting clock speed = 0.01176470588 × 10¹² Hz
highest resulting clock speed = 1.17647059 × 10¹⁰ Hz
highest resulting clock speed = 1.177 × 10¹⁰ Hz
To Ghz; we have:
highest resulting clock speed = (1.177 × 10¹⁰/10⁹ )GHz
highest resulting clock speed = 11.77 Ghz
2.
Using the same formula from above;
highest resulting clock speed = 1/max(65ps, 55ps, 70 ps) + 20ps)
highest resulting clock speed = 1/(70 + 20)ps
highest resulting clock speed = 1/90 ps
highest resulting clock speed = 0.01111111111 × 10¹² Hz
highest resulting clock speed = 1.111111111 × 10¹⁰ Hz
highest resulting clock speed = 1.111 × 10¹⁰ Hz
To Ghz; we have:
highest resulting clock speed = (1.111 × 10¹⁰/10⁹ )GHz
highest resulting clock speed = 11.11 Ghz
In this exercise we have to calculate the delay time and the time to archive something, so we have that these times will be:
1) 11.77 GHz
2) 11.11 GHz
1) First we will use the knowledge to calculate the delay, so the formula can be used is:
[tex]HRCS = 1/max (stage,stage,stage,stage) + register delay)\\HRCS = 1/max(65ps, 45ps, 60 ps) + 20ps)\\HRCS = 1/(65 + 20)ps\\HRCS= 1/85 ps\\HRCS = 0.01176470588* 10^{12}Hz\\HRCS = 1.17647059 * 10^{10} Hz\\HRCS = 1.177 * 10^{10} HZ\\HRCS = 11.77 Ghz[/tex]
2) through the first formula we can also calculate the time for the speed of archiving, like this:
[tex]HRCS = 1/max(65ps, 55ps, 70 ps) + 20ps)\\HRCS = 1/(70 + 20)ps\\HRCS = 1/90 ps\\HRCS = 0.01111111111 * 10^{12} Hz\\HRCS = 1.111111111 * 10^{10} Hz\\HRCS = 11.11 Ghz[/tex]
See more about GHZ at brainly.com/question/13112545
Consider the following method, sumRows, which is intended to traverse all the rows in the two-dimensional (2D) integer array num and print the sum of all the elements in each row.
public static void sumRows(int[][] num)
{
for (int[] r : num)
{
int sum = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < num.length; j++)
{
sum += r[j];
}
System.out.print(sum + " ");
}
}
For example, if num contains {{3, 5}, {6, 8}}, then sumRows(num) should print "8 14 ".
The method does not always work as intended. For which of the following two-dimensional array input values does sumRows NOT work as intended?
A. {{10, -18}, {48, 17}}
B. {{-5, 2, 0}, {4, 11, 0}}
C. {{4, 1, 7}, {-10, -11, -12}}
D. {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9}}
E. {{0, 1}, {2, 3}}
Answers
Answer:
Option C: {{4, 1, 7}, {-10, -11, -12}}
Explanation:
There is a logical error in the inner loop.
for (int j = 0; j < num.length; j++)
It shouldn't be "j < num.length" as the iteration of the inner loop will be based on the length of the row number of the two dimensional array. The inner loop is expected to traverse through the every column of the same row in the two dimensional array and sum up the number. To fix this error, we can change it to
for (int j = 0; j < r.length; j++)
The sumRows method adds up all elements in each row, and prints the calculated sum.
The sumRows method would not work for input values (c) {{4, 1, 7}, {-10, -11, -12}}
In the inner loop of the sumRows method, we have
for (int j = 0; j < num.length; j++)
The above loop iterates from 0 to one less than the number of columns in the array.
Take for instance, {{10, -18}, {48, 17}} has 2 rows, and 2 columns.
So, the iteration would be for elements at indices 0 and 1.
However, the array {{4, 1, 7}, {-10, -11, -12}} has 3 rows and 2 columns
So, the iteration would be for elements at indices 0 and 1; leaving the element at index 2
Hence, the sumRows method would not work for input values (c) {{4, 1, 7}, {-10, -11, -12}}
Read more about methods at:
https://brainly.com/question/23052617
what are the reasonsfor documenting business rules
Answers
Answer:
This is because when there is a mistake, misunderstanding or trouble and one need's evidence, the documented business rule will be available as your evidence.
Explanation:
Sorry if I'm wrong hope it helps
Look at the following array definition:
const int numbers[SIZE] = { 18, 17, 12, 14 };
Suppose we want to pass the array to the function processArray in the following manner:
processArray(numbers, SIZE);
Which of the following function headers is the correct one for the processArray function?
a. void processArray(const int *arr, int size)
b. void processArray(int * const arr, int size)
Answers
Answer:
The answer is void process Array (int arr {}, int n)
Explanation:
Solution
From the given question, the right choice answer i not listed here.
However this is the right answer choice stated as follows: void process Array (int arr {}, int n)
The size of this array is not fixed. we need to pass or move the array as the second argument to the function.
The option a and b is wrong.
g You are looking to rob a jewelry store. You have been staking it out for a couple of weeks now and have learned the weights and values of every item in the store. You are looking to get the biggest score you possibly can but you are only one person and your backpack can only fit so much. Write a function called get_best_backpack(items: List[Item], max_capacity: int) -> "List[Item]" that accepts a list of Items as well as the maximum capacity that your backpack can hold and returns a list containing the most valuable items you can take that still fit in your backpack.
Answers
Answer:
A python code (Python recursion) was used for this given question
Explanation:
Solution
For this solution to the question, I am attaching code for these 2 files:
item.py
code.py
Source code for item.py:
class Item(object):
def __init__(self, name: str, weight: int, value: int) -> None:
self.name = name
self.weight = weight
self.value = value
def __lt__(self, other: "Item"):
if self.value == other.value:
if self.weight == other.weight:
return self.name < other.name
else:
return self.weight < other.weight
else:
return self.value < other.value
def __eq__(self, other: "Item") -> bool:
if is instance(other, Item):
return (self.name == other.name and
self.value == other.value and
self.weight == other.weight)
else:
return False
def __ne__(self, other: "Item") -> bool:
return not (self == other)
def __str__(self) -> str:
return f'A {self.name} worth {self.value} that weighs {self.weight}'
Source code for code.py:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
from typing import List
from typing import List, Generator
from item import Item
'''
Inductive definition of the function
fun3(0) is 5
fun3(1) is 7
fun3(2) is 11
func3(n) is fun3(n-1) + fun3(n-2) + fun3(n-3)
Solution 1: Straightforward but exponential
'''
def fun3_1(n: int) -> int:
result = None
if n == 0:
result = 5 # Base case
elif n == 1:
result = 7 # Base case
elif n == 2:
result = 11 # Base case
else:
result = fun3_1(n-1) + fun3_1(n-2) + fun3_1(n-3) # Recursive case
return result
''
Solution 2: New helper recursive function makes it linear
'''
def fun3(n: int) -> int:
''' Recursive core.
fun3(n) = _fun3(n-i, fun3(2+i), fun3(1+i), fun3(i))
'''
def fun3_helper_r(n: int, f_2: int, f_1: int, f_0: int):
result = None
if n == 0:
result = f_0 # Base case
elif n == 1:
result = f_1 # Base case
elif n == 2:
result = f_2 # Base case
else:
result = fun3_helper_r(n-1, f_2+f_1+f_0, f_2, f_1) # Recursive step
return result
return fun3_helper_r(n, 11, 7, 5)
''' binary_strings accepts a string of 0's, 1's, and X's and returns a generator that goes through all possible strings where the X's
could be either 0's or 1's. For example, with the string '0XX1',
the possible strings are '0001', '0011', '0101', and '0111'
'''
def binary_strings(string: str) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
def _binary_strings(string: str, binary_chars: List[str], idx: int):
if idx == len(string):
yield ''.join(binary_chars)
binary_chars = [' ']*len(string)
else:
char = string[idx]
if char != 'X':
binary_chars[idx]= char
yield from _binary_strings(string, binary_chars, idx+1)
else:
binary_chars[idx] = '0'
yield from _binary_strings(string, binary_chars, idx+1)
binary_chars[idx] = '1'
yield from _binary_strings(string, binary_chars, idx+1)
binary_chars = [' ']*len(string)
idx = 0
yield from _binary_strings(string, binary_chars, 0)
''' Recursive KnapSack: You are looking to rob a jewelry store. You have been staking it out for a couple of weeks now and have learned
the weights and values of every item in the store. You are looking to
get the biggest score you possibly can but you are only one person and
your backpack can only fit so much. Write a function that accepts a
list of items as well as the maximum capacity that your backpack can
hold and returns a list containing the most valuable items you can
take that still fit in your backpack. '''
def get_best_backpack(items: List[Item], max_capacity: int) -> List[Item]:
def get_best_r(took: List[Item], rest: List[Item], capacity: int) -> List[Item]:
if not rest or not capacity: # Base case
return took
else:
item = rest[0]
list1 = []
list1_val = 0
if item.weight <= capacity:
list1 = get_best_r(took+[item], rest[1:], capacity-item.weight)
list1_val = sum(x.value for x in list1)
list2 = get_best_r(took, rest[1:], capacity)
list2_val = sum(x.value for x in list2)
return list1 if list1_val > list2_val else list2
return get_best_r([], items, max_capacity)
Note: Kindly find an attached copy of the code outputs for python programming language below
On a piano, a key has a frequency, say f0. Each higher key (black or white) has a frequency of f0 * rn, where n is the distance (number of keys) from that key, and r is 2(1/12). Given an initial key frequency, output that frequency and the next 4 higher key frequencies.
Answers
Answer:
The programming language is not stated; so, I'll solve this question using Java programming language
Comments are used for explanatory purpose
//Begin of Program
import java . util.*;
import java. math . RoundingMode;
import java . text . DecimalFormat;
public class keyfreq
{
private static DecimalFormat df = new DecimalFormat("0.00");
public static void main(String [] args)
{
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
//Declare variable
float f0;
//Prompt user for input
System.out.print("Enter Initial Key Frequency: ");
f0 = input.nextFloat();
//Initialize number of keys
int numkey = 1;
//Print first key frequency
System.out.print("Key Frequencies: " + df.format(f0)+" ");
while(numkey<=4)
{
//Calculate next frequency
f0*= Math.pow(2,(1.0/12.0));
//Print Frequency
System.out.print(df.format(f0)+" ");
//Iterate to next frequency
numkey++;
}
}
}
//End of Program
Explanation:
See Comments in the above program
See Attachment for source file