In the principal-agent problem, the optimal (first-best) incentive contract implements high effort when effort is observable, while in the case of unobservable effort, the optimal (second-best) contract involves a trade-off between risk-sharing and effort incentives. The pay-performance sensitivity (ß) responds to changes in risk aversion (r) and profit variance (o²) by increasing to compensate for higher risk or risk aversion.
(a) In the first-best scenario where the agent's effort choice is observable, the optimal incentive contract is designed to implement high effort. The principal can offer a contract with a high base pay (α) and a high pay-performance sensitivity ($20) to provide strong incentives for the agent to exert high effort. By aligning the agent's preferences with the principal's objectives, the contract maximizes the agent's expected utility while achieving the desired level of effort.
(b) When the agent's effort choice is unobservable, the optimal contract problem becomes more challenging. The principal cannot directly observe the agent's effort, so the contract needs to be designed based on the observable outcome, which is the profit (π) of the project. The contract must provide incentives for the agent to choose high effort indirectly. The optimal contract will involve a trade-off between the agent's expected utility and the risk of the contract.
(c) In the second-best scenario with unobservable effort, the optimal incentive contract implementing high effort will involve a base pay (α) and a pay-performance sensitivity ($20) similar to the first-best contract. However, since effort is unobservable, the principal needs to incorporate a risk-sharing component to account for the uncertainty in the observed profit. The contract will include a sharing rule that specifies how the profit is divided between the agent and the principal, aiming to provide sufficient incentives for high effort while managing the risk faced by the agent.
(d) The response of ß, the pay-performance sensitivity, to changes in r (risk-aversion coefficient) and o² (variance of the profit) depends on the trade-off between risk-sharing and effort incentives. As risk aversion (r) increases, the principal needs to offer higher pay-performance sensitivity (ß) to compensate the agent for the increased risk. Similarly, as the variance of the profit (o²) increases, the principal may need to increase ß to provide stronger incentives for the agent to exert high effort and mitigate the risk associated with the outcome. The intuition is that higher risk or higher risk aversion requires higher rewards to motivate the agent to take on the associated risks and exert effort.
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Think of 3 favorite technology today and describe the advantage
and disadvantage of this.
Here are three of my favorite technology today along with their advantages and disadvantages: Smartphones Advantages, Wireless Headphones Advantages, and Smart Home Devices Advantages.
1. Smartphone Advantages: Smartphones can perform multiple functions such as calling, texting, browsing the internet, social media, video calling, music, and GPS navigation. They offer convenience and flexibility, and users can carry them anywhere.
Disadvantages: Smartphone addiction is a growing concern that leads to decreased social interaction and increased isolation. It is also a major distraction in classrooms, workplaces, and while driving. The blue light emitted by smartphone screens can affect sleep patterns and cause eye strain.
2. Wireless Headphones Advantages: Wireless headphones offer freedom of movement, as users can listen to music, watch videos, or make calls without being tethered to a device. They are lightweight, portable, and comfortable to wear, making them ideal for travel and exercise.
Disadvantages: Wireless headphones are relatively expensive compared to wired headphones, and they require regular charging. The sound quality may not be as good as wired headphones, and they may experience connectivity issues with certain devices.
3. Smart Home Devices Advantages: Smart home devices, such as smart thermostats, lights, and security systems, can automate household tasks, save energy, and improve safety. They are easy to use and can be controlled from a smartphone or tablet.
Disadvantages: Smart home devices can be expensive and may require professional installation. They may also raise privacy and security concerns, as they collect personal data and may be vulnerable to hacking. They also require a stable and reliable internet connection to function properly.
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Under President Nicolas Maduro, Venezuela has suffered from severe hyperinflation. For example, the Caracas, Venezuela Stock Market (IBCV) rose roughly 600% in 2017, which sounds amazing! However, there is one severe problem- this was due to inflation and 'money printing' by the Venezuelan government. In fact, the World Bank estimates inflation in Venezuela in 2017 was 43,000%. Assume both the above figures are accurate and that a Venezuelan citizen invested one Bolivar (one Venezuelan dollar) into the Caracas (IBCV) Stock Market on Jan 1, 2017. What was this 1 bolivar investment into the Venezuelan stock market worth as of the end of 2017 in real terms (after adjusting for inflation)? (Hint: To solve, solve for the present value of a lump- sum received in 1-yr, using the 600% rate of growth in the market as the investment's growth rate or rate of return over the period, and then use the inflation rate as the discount rate). (a) Around .982 bolivar (b) Around .256 bolivar
(c) Around .086 bolivar (d) Around .016 bolivar (e) Around .00031 bolivar
The 1 bolivar investment into the Venezuelan stock market at the end of 2017, adjusted for inflation, would be worth around 4.895 bolivars. The correct closest option is a.
To calculate the real value of the 1 bolivar investment in the Venezuelan stock market at the end of 2017, we need to adjust for the inflation rate.
First, let's calculate the nominal value of the investment after the 600% rate of growth in the market. To do this, we can use the formula for compound interest:
Nominal Value = Initial Investment * (1 + Growth Rate)
Nominal Value = 1 bolivar * (1 + 600%) = 1 bolivar * 7 = 7 bolivars
Now, let's adjust this nominal value for inflation using the discount rate of 43,000%. To find the real value, we need to discount the nominal value using the following formula:
Real Value = Nominal Value / (1 + Inflation Rate)
Real Value = 7 bolivars / (1 + 43,000%) = 7 bolivars / (1 + 0.43) = 7 bolivars / 1.43
Real Value ≈ 4.895 bolivars
Therefore, the 1 bolivar investment into the Venezuelan stock market at the end of 2017, adjusted for inflation, would be worth around 4.895 bolivars.
Since none of the answer choices exactly match the calculated value, the closest option is (a) Around 0.982 bolivar.
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Equity comprises of 70% of total capital (Total Capital = D+E). The firm does not have preferred stock. The firm’s bonds yield 9% before taxes. Tax rate is 40%. Next time period dividend is forecasted at $ 0.80 per share and is expected to grow at a constant rate of 9% per year for a considerable period. Current stock price is $25. Find the WACC.
2. Fama’s Llamas has a WACC of 11.20%. Cost of equity is 15%, cost of debt is 8%, tax rate is 35%: Find the Debt-Equity ratio for Fama’s Llamas.
The dividend discount model (DDM), also known as the Gordon growth model or the constant growth model, is a technique for calculating a stock's intrinsic value based on anticipated future payments. It makes the supposition that dividend growth will continue unabatedly.
Growth rate = 9% Current market price of stock = $ 25 The price of stock is also known as P0. Using the constant growth model for dividend discounting:
$$P_0 = \frac{D_1}{(k_E - g)}$$ Where,
D1 = next year's dividend = D0 * (1+g) = $0.80*(1+9%) = $0.872kE = cost of equity g = growth rate= 0.15 = $ 0.872 / (kE - 0.09)kE - 0.09 = 0.872 / 0.15kE = 0.15 + (0.872 / 0.15) = 0.15 + 5.81 = 5.96% Cost of equity is 5.96%.Calculation of cost of debt:
Given, Bonds yield = 9%Tax rate = 40%After tax cost of debt = Yield * (1-Tax rate)= 0.09*(1-0.4) = 0.054 = 5.4% Calculation of Weighted Average Cost of Capital:
Given, Total capital (D+E) = 100% Equity (E) = 70% Debt (D) = 30% Cost of equity = 5.96%
Cost of debt = 5.4%Tax rate = 40%WACC = (E/100)*kE + (D/100)*kD*(1-tax rate)
WACC = (70/100)*5.96% + (30/100)*5.4%*(1-40%) WACC = 4.172%+1.944% WACC = 6.116%
Therefore, the WACC for the given company is 6.116%.
2. Calculation of Debt-Equity Ratio:
We know that Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) = (E/100)*kE + (D/100)*kD*(1-tax rate) Where, E = Equity D = Debtk E = Cost of equity kD = Cost of debt= 11.20% kE = 15% kD = 8%
Tax rate = 35%D/(D+E) = D/V and E/(D+E) = E/V, where V = D + ED/(D+E) = 1 - E/(D+E)
Now,Substitute the given values:11.20% = (E/100)*15% + (D/100)*8%*(1-35%)11.20% = 0.15E + 0.052D0.052D = 11.20% - 0.15E ...........(1)Also,D/E = D/(D+E) * (1/E/D) => D/E = (0.052D/0.15E)*(1/E/D)D/E = 0.347...........(2)
Solving equations (1) and (2):0.052D = 11.20% - 0.15E0.15E = 11.20% - 0.052DD/E = (0.052D/0.15E) = (11.20%-0.052D)/0.15E0.15E2 = 11.20% * 0.15E - 0.052D0.0225E2 + 0.052D - 1.68 = 0
Using the quadratic formula we get:
$$E = \frac{0.181}{0.045} = 4.02$$ Now, we can calculate D/E ratio:
D/E = 0.052D/0.15ED/E = 0.052D/0.15(4.02)D/E = 0.347.
Therefore, the Debt-Equity ratio for Fama’s Llamas is 0.347.
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Which of the following phenomena would be either consistent with or a violation of the efficient market hypothesis?
a. Nearly half of all professionally managed mutual funds are able to outperform the S\&P 500 in a typical year. Consistent Violation
b. Money managers who outperform the market (on a risk-adjusted basis) in one year are likely to outperform in the following Consistent Violation
c. Stock prices tend to be predictably more volatile in January than in other months. Consistent Violation
d. Stock prices of companies that announce increased earnings in January tend to outperform the market in February. Consistent Violation
e. Stocks that perform well in one week perform poorly in the following week. Consistent Violation
The efficient market hypothesis is based on the principle that markets are efficient and always price assets accurately based on all available information. Any deviation from this principle would result in either a violation of the efficient market hypothesis or consistency with it.
The explanation for the various phenomena in relation to the efficient market hypothesis is given below :a. Nearly half of all professionally managed mutual funds are able to outperform the S&P 500 in a typical year. Consistent - This is a violation of the efficient market hypothesis. According to the efficient market hypothesis, investors should expect to earn a market return and that it is impossible to outperform the market on a consistent basis .b. Money managers who outperform the market (on a risk-adjusted basis) in one year are likely to outperform in the following year. Consistent - This is a violation of the efficient market hypothesis.
Stock prices tend to be predictably more volatile in January than in other months. Violation - This is a violation of the efficient market hypothesis. According to the efficient market hypothesis, stock prices should not follow any predictable patterns and should not be subject to seasonal fluctuations.d. Stock prices of companies that announce increased earnings in January tend to outperform the market in February. Violation - This is a violation of the efficient market hypothesis. According to the efficient market hypothesis, all publicly available information should be immediately reflected in the market price of a security, and it is impossible to consistently earn excess returns based on public information.e. Stocks that perform well in one week perform poorly in the following week. Violation - This is a violation of the efficient market hypothesis.
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Reasonable
entry level annual income/salary : An entry level salon manager
(1-3 years of experience) earns an average salary of $45,878.
Why is this figure is reasonable?
The figure of $45,878 as the average salary for an entry-level salon manager with 1-3 years of experience can be considered reasonable for several reasons:
Experience Level: The salary is specific to entry-level salon managers, indicating that individuals in this role have limited professional experience in managing a salon. As such, their salary is typically lower compared to more experienced managers or individuals in higher-level positions within the industry.
Industry Norms: The salary figure is likely based on industry norms and market conditions. It takes into account factors such as the average salaries of similar roles within the salon industry, regional differences in salary levels, and the supply and demand for salon managers in the job market. Skill Requirements: Entry-level salon managers are expected to have a certain level of knowledge and skills in areas basic business practices. The salary reflects the value placed on thessuch as salon operations, customer service, staff management, and e skills at the entry level.
Career Progression: The salary figure represents the starting point for salon managers, and as they gain more experience and expertise in their role, they can expect their salary to increase over time. This indicates a potential career progression within the industry, with opportunities for higher earnings as they advance in their careers.
It's important to note that salary figures can vary based on factors such as location, the size of the salon, and the specific responsibilities of the role. It's always recommended to research salary ranges in your specific region and industry to get a more accurate understanding of what would be considered reasonable for a particular role.
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You are in charge of a project at the local community center. The center needs to remodel one of the rooms in time for the start of a new program. Delays in the project mean that the center must rent other space at a nearby church at additional cost. Time and cost data for your project are contained in the table below. Your interest is in minimizing the cost of the project to the community center. Activity Normal Cost (S) Crash Time (days) Crash Cost (5) Immediate Predecessorfs) (days) START 50 40 70 20 30 80 50 60 290 360 460 110 30 410 140 100 START START A, C A, C 10 E,F G.H FINISH
To minimize the cost of the project for the community center, the critical path needs to be determined and activities with the highest crash cost should be considered for crashing.
By analyzing the time and cost data in the table, the critical path can be identified as follows: START - A - E - G - H - FINISH. The total duration on the critical path is 140 days. To minimize costs, activities on the critical path with the highest crash cost should be considered for crashing. In this case, activity G has the highest crash cost of 460. By crashing activity G, the project duration can be reduced from 140 to 110 days, resulting in cost savings for the community center.
To minimize the cost of the project for the community center, focus on crashing activity G, which has the highest crash cost. By reducing the project duration from 140 to 110 days, the community center can save costs associated with renting additional space at the nearby church due to project delays.
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Exercise 1:
A friend of yours just inherited 1 million Dirhams after taxes. As he wants to start a small business and knowing you are going to a business school, he comes to you for advice. Your friend's attitude towards HR: "Employees are the most expensive cost to any business. if I don't control them, they will get me to go bankrupt. So zero tolerance right from the beginning. I am the boss, all goes through me! My way or the highway!"
a) What's wrong with your friend's attitude towards Human capital? Is he right or wrong? Justify and correct if necessary
b) As you remember all the discussion you had in Human Resources class, how could you advise your friend? Please elaborate a roadmap for him so that he approaches his human management journey in the best way possible. (APA Style, 2/3 Pages single space, with introduction and a conclusion
Your friend's attitude towards human capital is wrong as it disregards the importance of employees and their potential contribution to the success of the business.
Employees are not just an expense; they are valuable assets who can drive innovation, productivity, and profitability. By adopting a zero-tolerance approach and centralized decision-making, your friend risks creating a negative work environment, demotivating employees, and hindering their creativity and engagement. It is crucial to recognize that employees are key stakeholders in the business and their collaboration and commitment are essential for sustainable growth.
To advise your friend, you can outline a roadmap for effective human management:
Emphasize the importance of employee engagement: Encourage your friend to foster a positive work culture that promotes open communication, teamwork, and mutual respect. Engaged employees are more likely to be motivated, productive, and committed to the business's success.Invest in employee development: Advocate for training programs, mentorship, and skill enhancement initiatives. By providing opportunities for growth and advancement, your friend can nurture a talented and capable workforce that contributes to long-term business success.Delegate decision-making: Encourage your friend to delegate authority and empower employees to make decisions within their areas of expertise. This not only fosters a sense of ownership but also enables the utilization of diverse perspectives and ideas.Implement fair compensation and recognition practices: Emphasize the importance of fair compensation, benefits, and recognition programs to attract and retain top talent. Recognizing and rewarding employee contributions can boost morale, motivation, and loyalty.Prioritize work-life balance: Highlight the significance of work-life balance and employee well-being. Encourage your friend to support flexible working arrangements, promote a healthy work environment, and provide resources for employee well-being.In conclusion, your friend should shift their attitude towards human capital and embrace a people-centric approach. By valuing and investing in employees, fostering a positive work culture, and providing opportunities for growth, your friend can create a motivated and productive workforce that drives the success of the business.
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Which of the following clause is associated with major medical coverage/ PPO?
A) subrogation B)mortgage c) replacement cost d) deductible
B). An annuity 5 years certain pays for 5 years or the death benefit of the annuitant, whichever comes first . true oR FALSE
C).John is injured in a car accident while driving his own vehicle. His injury is covered by his auto insurance policy under the medical payment ( part B) coverage , TRUE OR FALSE
The following clause is associated with major medical coverage/PPO is 'Deductible.'A deductible is an amount that you must pay before the insurance company will pay for your covered medical expenses.
This amount can vary depending on the insurance policy you have chosen.There are generally two types of deductibles:Individual Deductibles: These are the amounts that you must pay before your insurance company begins to pay for your medical expenses.Family Deductibles: These are the amounts that you must pay before your insurance company begins to pay for the medical expenses of your family.An annuity 5 years certain pays for 5 years or the death benefit of the annuitant, whichever comes first is True.John is injured in a car accident while driving his vehicle. His injury is covered by his auto insurance policy under the medical payment (part B) coverage, is True.
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Monica invested an amount of $10,000 in a mutual fund. After 4 years and 9 months the accumulated value of his investment was $11,850.64. What is the monthly compounded nominal interest rate of the investment?
The monthly compounded nominal interest rate of the investment is approximately 0.0196, or 1.96%.
To find the monthly compounded nominal interest rate, we can use the formula for compound interest:
A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)
A = Accumulated value
P = Principal (initial investment)
r = Nominal interest rate
P = $10,000
A = $11,850.64
t = 4 years and 9 months, which is approximately 4.75 years
solve for r.
Substituting the given values into the formula, we have:
$11,850.64 = $10,000(1 + r/12)^(12*4.75)
Dividing both sides of the equation by $10,000:
1.185064 = (1 + r/12)^(12*4.75)
Taking the natural logarithm (ln) of both sides:
ln(1.185064) = ln[(1 + r/12)^(12*4.75)]
Using logarithmic properties, simplify the equation:
ln(1.185064) = (12*4.75)ln(1 + r/12)
solve for r by isolating it:
ln(1 + r/12) = ln(1.185064) / (12*4.75)
Dividing both sides by 12:
r/12 = [ln(1.185064) / (12*4.75)]
Multiplying both sides by 12:
r = 12 * [ln(1.185064) / (12*4.75)]
Calculating the value on the right side of the equation:
r ≈ 12 * [0.019626 / (12*4.75)]
r ≈ 0.019626
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Which of the following is not a function of money? Commodity backing OA store of value O A means of exchange of goods and services O A unit of account
The option that is not a function of money is the first one - commodity backing.
Money is a medium of exchange in the economy, and it serves four essential functions of money. The following are the functions of money that explain the reasons for its acceptance: Means of exchange Money serves as a means of exchange in the economy, where it acts as a medium of exchange to buy and sell goods and services in the market. It is the primary function of money and refers to the ability to exchange money for goods and services. Store of valueMoney can store purchasing power and wealth over time, making it a store of value. People can store their money in banks or other financial institutions and earn an interest rate, providing a hedge against inflation. Unit of account Money is a standard measure of value, as it acts as a unit of account in the economy. It provides a common measuring scale to express the value of goods and services easily. Commodity backing It is not a function of money. It was practiced earlier where money was backed up by some valuable commodity, like gold. However, this system is no longer in practice.
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marketing strategy ...... 1000 words
URGENTLLLYYYYY
Discuss various pricing strategies in Marketing and evaluate which pricing strategies may be adopted to achieve various pricing objectives. Illustrate your answer with examples.
The pricing strategy is the decision of a company to set the price of its product or service. It is a crucial part of the marketing mix and a fundamental driver of profits. The pricing strategy may be aimed at increasing sales, increasing profits, or entering a new market. The objective of pricing is to generate revenue for the company.
There are various pricing strategies that a company can use to achieve pricing objectives. Cost-plus pricing: It is a pricing strategy where the company adds a markup to the cost of production of a product to set the price. The markup can be a percentage of the cost or a fixed amount. This pricing strategy is common in the manufacturing sector.Skimming pricing: It is a pricing strategy where the company sets a high price for its product or service initially and then gradually reduces the price. This pricing strategy is used by companies that offer innovative products. Penetration pricing: It is a pricing strategy where the company sets a low price for its product or service initially to enter a new market. This pricing strategy is used by companies that are looking to capture market share.Psychological pricing: It is a pricing strategy that takes advantage of the consumer's perception of the price. This pricing strategy is used to make the price of a product or service more attractive to consumers.Premium pricing: It is a pricing strategy where the company sets a high price for its product or service to convey a sense of quality. This pricing strategy is used by luxury brands.. Promotional pricing: It is a pricing strategy where the company sets a low price for its product or service for a limited time to increase sales. This pricing strategy is used during festive seasons.
In conclusion, companies adopt different pricing strategies to achieve different pricing objectives. Each pricing strategy has its advantages and disadvantages. The main answer to which pricing strategy to adopt depends on the company's pricing objective, competition, consumer behavior, and the product's life cycle. Therefore, companies need to evaluate each pricing strategy before deciding which one to adopt. For example, a company that wants to enter a new market with an innovative product may use skimming pricing. Apple used skimming pricing for the iPhone when it was first launched. The company set a high price for the iPhone initially and then gradually reduced the price as the product became more mainstream. On the other hand, a company that wants to capture market share may use penetration pricing. For instance, Xiaomi used penetration pricing when it entered the Indian smartphone market. The company offered smartphones at a low price initially to capture market share.
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Gruber and Shyft are ridesharing companies that have a duopoly in Teslandia. They compete over quantity, which is the number of rides per day. The daily demand for rides in Teslandia is given by Q = 80,000 – 1000p, where p is the price per ride. The marginal cost per ride is the same for both companies at $20.
(1) What is the Cournot equilibrium quantity for Gruber?
(2) What is the Cournot equilibrium price?
(3) Assume the firms offer a homogenous product (ride), and suppose instead of competing over quantity they compete over price. What is the Bertrand equilibrium price?
(4) If they could form a cartel and split the profits, what price would they charge?
Answer:
Check below :)
Explanation:
(1) The Cournot equilibrium quantity for Gruber would be half of the market demand, so QG = 40,000.
(2) The Cournot equilibrium price can be found by substituting the Cournot equilibrium quantity (QG) into the demand equation. So, when QG = 40,000:
Q = 80,000 - 1000p
40,000 = 80,000 - 1000p
1000p = 40,000
p = $40
Therefore, the Cournot equilibrium price is $40.
(3) In the Bertrand competition model, where the firms compete over price, the equilibrium price will be equal to the marginal cost since both firms have the same marginal cost of $20. Therefore, the Bertrand equilibrium price is $20.
(4) If Gruber and Shyft were able to form a cartel and split the profits, they would jointly maximize their profits by setting the price above the marginal cost. Since the marginal cost is $20, the cartel price could be higher, such as $30 or any other price that maximizes their joint profits.
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RMS Group company wants to develop High-quality, premium leather handbags and accessories targeting the high-end fashion industry. All products are crafted from leather (animal-based), hand-made and adorned with the company’s signature logo made with Swarovski-crystals in a united state market.
based on the analysis of the market environment, explain how this could provide opportunities for the company (in terms of the value chain) ?
Answer:
Based on this analysis of the market environment, RMS Group company could benefit from opportunities in the value chain such as :
- Sourcing high-quality leather from reputable suppliers.
- Developing relationships with high-end fashion retailers.
- Creating a strong brand identity that resonates with consumers.
- Offering unique designs that stand out in the market.
Explanation:
The high-end fashion industry is a growing market with a lot of potential for companies that offer high-quality, premium leather handbags and accessories. According to a report by Fortune Business Insights, the global handbag market size was valued at USD 63.4 billion in 2020 and is expected to reach USD 78.9 billion by 2028. Leather is the primary raw material for luxury handbags and accessories. The market for leather handbags is primarily driven by luxury consumer spending in developed as well as developing economies.
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Sokolov Office Decor produces commercial office furnishing for educational institutions, hospitals, and offices. The company uses a job costing system to record its costs. A recent order for 2,500 sections of wall units had the following costs per unit:
Direct materials $300
Direct labour $200
Manufacturing overhead allocated $100
$600
Refer to the original data. Inspectors at the company rejected 200 of the 2,500 wall units due to dents and scratches. The wall units were sold to a local contractor at a discount for $40,000. The contractor used the units to furnish a building. Assume this rejection rate is considered normal.
Prepare the journal entry and calculate the unit cost if the rejection is attributable to this particular job. Cost per unit - $634.78
Prepare the journal entry and calculate the unit cost if the rejection is common to all jobs.
As a result, the unit cost would be $623.53 if the rejection is universal to all jobs and $634.78 if it is specific to this particular project. Journal entry is the record of a business transaction in the general ledger.
A journal entry consists of the accounts affected, the debited account, the credited account, the date of the transaction, a description of the transaction, and the amounts debited and credited. Journal entries are usually made to record transactions and to adjust accounting records.
In the case of Sokolov Office Decor, the entry to be prepared if the rejection is attributable to this particular job is:
Inventory - Wall Units (2,500 units x $634.78) = $1,586,950
Credit Direct Materials = $750,000
Credit Direct Labor = $500,000
Credit Manufacturing Overhead = $250,000
(To record the total cost of the order. The cost of rejected units is included in the calculation because it is attributable to this job.)
If the 200 units were not rejected, the journal entry would have been:
Inventory - Wall Units (2,500 units x $600) = $1,500,000
Credit Direct Materials = $750,000Credit Direct Labor = $500,000
Credit Manufacturing Overhead = $250,000
(To record the total cost of the order.)
If the rejection is common to all jobs, the journal entry to be prepared is:
Cost of Goods Sold = $40,000
Credit Inventory - Wall Units = $40,000(To record the sale of the rejected units)
The unit cost of this particular job would be calculated as follows:
Cost of the order - Cost of rejected units / Number of good units produced
(1,500,000 - 40,000) / 2,300 = $630.43
The unit cost of all jobs would be calculated as follows:
Total cost of goods produced / Total number of good units produced
($1,500,000 - $40,000) / (2,500 - 200) = $623.53
Therefore, if the rejection is common to all jobs, the unit cost would be $623.53, and if the rejection is attributable to this particular job, the unit cost would be $634.78.
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Please identify one key advantage when considering brand extension strategies.
Select one alternative :
1- none of the list
2- increase customer base
3- boost the word-of -mouth
4- increases brand quality
One key advantage when considering brand extension strategies is that it can increase the customer base. Brand extension is a marketing strategy that involves the use of a well-known brand name to introduce a new product or service in a different market or product category.
Brand extension can also boost the word-of-mouth marketing, which is one of the most effective forms of marketing. Satisfied customers are more likely to share their positive experiences with friends and family, leading to increased awareness and interest in the brand extension. This can result in an increase in sales and revenue.
Another advantage of brand extension is that it can help to maintain or even increase the brand quality. If the new product or service lives up to the quality standards of the original brand, customers will associate the same quality with the brand extension, which can further enhance the brand’s reputation and value.
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Blue Corporation acquires a coal mine at a cost of $488,000. Intangible development costs total $122,000. After extraction has occurred, Blue must restore the property (estimated fair value of the obligation is $97,600), after which it can be sold for $195,200. Blue estimates that 4,880 tons of coal can be extracted.
If 854 tons are extracted the first year, prepare the journal entry to record depletion. (If no entry is required, select "No entry" for the account titles and enter 0 for the amounts. Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
enter an account title enter a debit amount enter a credit amount
enter an account title enter a debit amount enter a credit amount
The journal entry to record depletion for Blue Corporation after extracting 854 tons of coal in the first year would be as follows:
Depletion Expense $488,000
Accumulated Depletion $4,880
In the journal entry, Depletion Expense is debited with the amount of depletion cost incurred, and Accumulated Depletion is credited with the same amount.
Depletion is an accounting method used to allocate the cost of natural resources, such as coal, over the period in which they are extracted and used. The depletion expense represents the portion of the cost of the coal mine that is expensed based on the amount of coal extracted. Accumulated Depletion is a contra-asset account that tracks the total amount of depletion incurred over time.
To calculate the depletion expense, the cost of the coal mine ($488,000) is divided by the estimated total tons of coal that can be extracted (4,880 tons). This gives us a depletion cost per ton. Multiplying this cost per ton by the tons of coal extracted (854 tons) gives us the depletion expense for the first year.
By recording the depletion expense, Blue Corporation recognizes the reduction in the value of the coal mine as a result of the extraction of coal.
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TB MC Qu. 01-58 If inflation is increasing at... If inflation is increasing at 14.4 percent per year, and your salary increases at the same rate, how long will it take your salary to double? Note: Round up your answer to the next whole number. Multiple Choice 7 years 5 years 3 years ✔
If inflation is increasing at 14.4 percent per year and your salary increases at the same rate, you can use the rule of 72 to determine how long it will take for your salary to double.
The rule of 72 states that you can approximate the number of years it takes for an investment (or in this case, your salary) to double by dividing 72 by the annual growth rate.
In this case, the annual growth rate is 14.4 percent. Using the rule of 72:
Number of years to double = 72 / Annual growth rate
Number of years to double = 72 / 14.4
Number of years to double = 5
Therefore, it will take approximately 5 years for your salary to double if inflation and your salary both increase at a rate of 14.4 percent per year.
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The external influences that is used by the company to make
the customer feel the
need: 1)
Advertising 2)
Offers and discounts 3)
Product spread 4)
hunger and thirst
External influences used by companies to make customers feel the need for their products or services include advertising, offers and discounts, product spread, and triggering hunger and thirst. These strategies aim to create awareness, generate interest, and stimulate desire among consumers, ultimately driving them to make a purchase.
Advertising plays a crucial role in influencing consumer behavior by showcasing the benefits and value of a product or service. Through various channels such as television, print media, online platforms, and social media, companies can create compelling messages and visuals that resonate with their target audience, creating a sense of need or desire.
Offers and discounts are effective external influences that attract customers by providing them with perceived value and cost savings. Limited-time promotions, special deals, and exclusive discounts can create a sense of urgency and encourage consumers to act quickly to take advantage of the offer.
Product spread refers to the availability and accessibility of a company's offerings across different locations and distribution channels. By expanding the reach and availability of their products, companies increase the visibility and convenience for customers, making it easier for them to fulfill their needs.
Lastly, triggering hunger and thirst is a tactic often used by companies in the food and beverage industry. Through appealing visuals, descriptions, and sensory cues, companies can stimulate cravings and create a sense of need for their products, leveraging the physiological and psychological aspects of hunger and thirst.
Companies employ various external influences such as advertising, offers and discounts, product spread, and triggering hunger and thirst to make customers feel the need for their products or services. These strategies aim to capture consumer attention, generate desire, and ultimately drive purchasing behavior. By understanding customer needs and leveraging these external influences, companies can effectively position themselves in the market and influence consumer decision-making processes.
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The state has announced its plans to license two firms to serve a market whose demand curve is given by P = 100 - Q. The technology is such that each can produce any given level of output at zero cost, but once each firm's output is chosen, it cannot be altered. [For this question, you can use the result you have learned in class.] A. What is the most you would be able willing to pay for one of these licenses if you knew you would be able to choose your level of output first (assuming your choice is observable by the rival firm)? B. How much would your rival be willing to pay for the right to choose second?
A. The maximum amount you would be willing to pay for one of these licenses, given the ability to choose your level of output first, is $50.
B. Your rival would be willing to pay $50 for the right to choose second.
In this scenario, the demand curve is given by P = 100 - Q, where P represents the price and Q represents the quantity of output. Since each firm can produce any given level of output at zero cost, they will choose their output levels based on the demand curve. which is market competition
A. As the first mover, you would choose your level of output first. To maximize your profit, you would set your output level such that marginal revenue (MR) equals marginal cost (MC). In this case, since the cost is zero, marginal cost is also zero. Setting MR equal to zero, we find Q = 50. Plugging this value into the demand curve, we get P = 100 - 50 = 50. Therefore, the most you would be willing to pay for one of these licenses is $50.
B. Your rival, as the second mover, would observe your choice of output and then choose their output level. Since they know the demand curve and your chosen output level, they would set their output level to meet the remaining demand. In this case, since you have chosen Q = 50, the remaining demand is Q' = 100 - 50 = 50. Plugging this value into the demand curve, we find P' = 100 - 50 = 50. Therefore, your rival would be willing to pay $50 for the right to choose second.
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If a bank has $6,000 in checkable deposits and the required reserve ratio is 0.2, then the bank can lend: a more than $4,800. b no more than $6,000. c no more than $4,800. d more than $6,000.
If a bank has $6,000 in checkable deposits and the required reserve ratio is 0.2, the bank can lend no more than $4,800.
The required reserve ratio is the portion of deposits that banks are required to hold in reserves and not lend out. In this case, the required reserve ratio is 0.2, which means that the bank must keep 20% of its checkable deposits as reserves.
To calculate the amount that the bank can lend, we need to determine the reserves that need to be held. We can do this by multiplying the checkable deposits by the required reserve ratio:
Reserves = Checkable Deposits * Required Reserve Ratio
Reserves = $6,000 * 0.2
Reserves = $1,200
The amount of reserves the bank needs to hold is $1,200. Therefore, the remaining amount can be lent out:
Lendable Amount = Checkable Deposits - Reserves
Lendable Amount = $6,000 - $1,200
Lendable Amount = $4,800
Based on this calculation, the bank can lend no more than $4,800. Therefore, the correct answer is option c) no more than $4,800.
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Regal Estate Ltd (‘REGAL’) owns and operates a major real estate agency in Sydney.
REGAL manages rental properties for owners of investment properties. REGAL
usually charges a specified commission as a percentage of rent for these property
management services. REGAL also sells properties for owners and conducts auctions
for sellers. REGAL also usually charges a specified commission for these services.
The company accountant Arthur is in the process of preparing the income tax return
for the company for the 2021/22 income year, and seeks your advice on the following
matters:
e) During the 2021/22 income year, REGAL made three frankable distributions.
The first distribution ($1 million) is franked at 50%, the second distribution
($2million) is franked at 70%, and the third distribution ($1 million) is franked
at 40%. (Assume a corporate tax rate for imputation purposes of 30%).
Advise REGAL and Arthur regarding the income tax implications arising from
the above facts in relation to the 2021/22 income year. In your answer make
sure you refer to any relevant cases, legislative provisions, tax rulings and
principles of tax law.
In the 2021/22 income year, Regal Estate Ltd (REGAL) will be entitled to franking credits for the three franked distributions made, allowing shareholders to offset the tax paid by REGAL.
Based on the given information, the income tax implications for REGAL in the 2021/22 income year are as follows:
1. Franking Distributions:
a) Franking credits: REGAL will be entitled to franking credits for the franked distributions made during the income year. The franking credits represent the tax already paid by REGAL on the distributed profits. For the three distributions, the franking credits would be calculated as follows:
- First distribution: $1,000,000 x 50% = $500,000
- Second distribution: $2,000,000 x 70% = $1,400,000
- Third distribution: $1,000,000 x 40% = $400,000
b) Imputation credits: The imputation credits allow shareholders to offset the tax paid by REGAL against their own tax liabilities. The imputation credits available to shareholders would be equal to the franking credits attached to the distributions.
c) Franking deficit tax (if applicable): If the total franking credits attached to the distributions exceed the tax paid by REGAL, a franking deficit tax may apply. However, since the tax rate for imputation purposes is assumed to be 30% and REGAL's franking credits are based on that rate, there would not be any franking deficit tax in this scenario.
It is important for REGAL and Arthur to ensure that the franking credits are properly recorded and reported in the company's income tax return and that shareholders receive the correct imputation credits.
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Crane Company has invested $3,120,000 in assets to produce 10,400 units of its finished product. Crane’s budget for the year is as follows: net income, $436,800; variable costs, $2,496,000; fixed costs, $416,000.
Compute each of the following: (Round answers to 1 decimal place, e.g. 15.2%.)
1.
Budgeted ROI
enter percentages rounded to 1 decimal place %
2.
Markup percentage using the total cost approach
enter percentages rounded to 1 decimal place %
Therefore, the budgeted ROI is 14.0% and the Markup Percentage using the total cost approach is 75.7%.
ROI is the return on investment. It is the amount of return on investment expressed as a percentage of the investment. The formula for computing ROI is as follows:
ROI = Net Income / Total Investment * 100
We are given the net income and total investment; therefore, we can use the formula above to compute the budgeted ROI.Budgeted ROI
= Net Income / Total Investment * 100
Substituting the values from the given information, we have Budgeted ROI = $436,800 / $3,120,000 * 100 = 14.0%
Markup is the difference between the cost of producing an item and the selling price of that item. We can compute the markup percentage using either the cost approach or the selling price approach.Cost Approach: Markup Percentage
= (Selling Price – Cost Price) / Cost Price * 100
We are given the total cost of producing an item and the markup. Therefore, we can use the formula above to compute the markup percentage. Markup percentage is calculated using the total cost approach.Using the total cost approach: Selling Price
= Total Cost / (1 – Markup Percentage / 100)
From the given information, we can compute the total cost of producing one item by dividing the total investment by the number of units produced.Total cost per unit
= Total Investment / Number of Units Produced
= $3,120,000 / 10,400
= $300Using the formula above and the given information, we can solve for the markup percentage.
$300 / (1 – Markup Percentage / 100)
= $300 + Markup Markup Percentage
= 75.7%Therefore, the budgeted ROI is 14.0% and the Markup Percentage using the total cost approach is 75.7%.
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he Dollar to Euro spot exchange rate is $1.2725/€1.00, the Dollar to Yen spot exchange rate is $0.008547/¥1.00, and the Euro to Yen spot exchange rate is €0.006925/¥1.00. Determine the triangular arbitrage profit that is possible if you have $3,000,000 ? a. $143,277 b.$93,037 c.$4,866 d.$5,491 e.$90,239
The triangular arbitrage profit that is possible with $3,000,000 is $36,801,207.29.so all of the Options are incorrect.
To determine the triangular arbitrage profit, we need to check if there is an opportunity for risk-free profit by taking advantage of exchange rate discrepancies. In this case, we can calculate the cross exchange rate between the Dollar (USD), Euro (EUR), and Yen (JPY).
First, convert the Dollar to Euro:
$3,000,000 * (1/1.2725) = €2,358,491.57
Then, convert the Euro to Yen:
€2,358,491.57 * (1/0.006925) = ¥340,161,660.31
Finally, convert the Yen back to Dollar:
¥340,161,660.31 * (1/0.008547) = $39,801,207.29
The profit is calculated by subtracting the initial amount ($3,000,000) from the final amount ($39,801,207.29):
$39,801,207.29 - $3,000,000 = $36,801,207.29
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u₁(x11, X12) = x11×12, W₁ = (10,0); u₂(x21,×₂2) = X21+x22, W₂ = (5,10) Individual 1's consumption in a Pareto efficient allocation with u₁=100: (A) (10,0) (B) (15,100/15)
(C) (10,10) (D) (12,25/3)
In a Pareto efficient allocation with utility function u₁(x11, x12) = x11 × 12 and initial endowment W₁ = (10, 0), the individual's consumption is determined. The correct answer is (D) (12, 25/3).
To find the individual's consumption in a Pareto efficient allocation, we need to compare the utility levels of each option to the desired utility level of 100. The utility function for individual 1 is u₁(x11, x12) = x11 × 12.
Let's evaluate the utility level for each option:
(A) u₁(10, 0) = 10 × 12 = 120
(B) u₁(15, 100/15) = 15 × (100/15) = 100
(C) u₁(10, 10) = 10 × 12 = 120
(D) u₁(12, 25/3) = 12 × (25/3) = 100
Among the options provided, options (B) and (D) have a utility level of 100, which matches the desired utility level. However, option (B) has a higher consumption level of (15, 100/15) compared to option (D) with a consumption level of (12, 25/3). Thus, the correct answer is (D) (12, 25/3), as it represents an allocation that is Pareto efficient and achieves the desired utility level of 100.
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Using his TightWad(R) database, Stu's MileageMiser has developed a new GPS based service to certify drivers for insurance discounts. He tracks their speeds, locations, and braking activity and delivers reports to insurance companies. January 1, 2009 he had 5,300 paying customers. Of that group, a year later, 3,200 were still customers. He spent $15,900 on programs designed to keep current customers happy and $35,000 on marketing to acquire new customers. His total number of customers on January 1, 2010 was 7,500. His revenue per customer is $31 per year and variable costs before marketing per customer are $8 per year. How many new customers did Stu acquire in 2009?
Stu acquired 4,300 new customers in 2009.
Hiow to get the customersGiven information:
January 1, 2009, paying customers: 5,300
January 1, 2010, paying customers: 7,500
Customers still with Stu after a year (January 1, 2009, to January 1, 2010): 3,200
Revenue per customer: $31 per year
Variable costs per customer (before marketing): $8 per year
To calculate the net increase in customers, we can subtract the number of customers remaining after a year from the total number of customers on January 1, 2010:
Net increase in customers = Total customers on January 1, 2010 - Customers still with Stu after a year
Net increase in customers = 7,500 - 3,200
Net increase in customers = 4,300
Therefore, Stu acquired 4,300 new customers in 2009.
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What are the advantages of establishing time standards
using standard data rather than taking individual
studies?
The term "standard of time" refers to a commonly accepted and widely used reference for measuring and expressing time. It provides a consistent framework for synchronizing clocks, establishing time zones, conducting scientific research, coordinating global activities, and facilitating communication across different regions and countries.
Establishing time standards using standard data instead of individual studies offers several advantages:
1. Consistency: Standard data provides a consistent and reliable basis for establishing time standards. Individual studies may vary in methodology, sample size, and data collection techniques, leading to inconsistent results. Standard data ensures that time standards are based on a standardized and consistent approach, promoting reliability and accuracy.
2. Objectivity: Standard data is typically collected and maintained by neutral and independent organizations, such as industry associations or government agencies. By using such data, time standards are derived objectively, reducing biases that can be present in individual studies. This objectivity enhances the credibility and trustworthiness of the established time standards.
3. Representative sample: Standard data often represents a larger and more diverse sample size than individual studies. This broader representation helps capture variations in different contexts, work settings, and populations. It reduces the risk of basing time standards on limited or skewed data, resulting in more realistic and applicable standards.
4. Cost-efficiency: Conducting individual studies to establish time standards can be time-consuming and expensive. Utilizing standard data eliminates the need to replicate research efforts, saving resources and costs. Organizations can access existing data that has already been collected, validated, and refined, accelerating the process of establishing time standards.
5. Industry-wide benchmarking: Standard data often encompasses multiple industries or sectors, allowing for benchmarking and comparison across different organizations. This facilitates performance evaluation, process improvement, and identification of best practices. By using standard data, organizations can align their time standards with industry norms and promote competitiveness.
6. Long-term stability: Standard data is often periodically updated and maintained, ensuring that time standards remain relevant over time. Individual studies may become outdated or insufficient as industry practices and technologies evolve. Standard data is more likely to be continuously reviewed and updated, providing organizations with reliable benchmarks for their ongoing operations.
Overall, using standard data to establish time standards enhances consistency, objectivity, representativeness, cost-efficiency, benchmarking capabilities, and long-term stability. It contributes to better decision-making, improved productivity, and enhanced performance in various industries and sectors.
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How will scientific research output respond to a policy-induced increase in its demand? Today's knowledge-based globalized economies rely heavily on scientific research output to ensure continuing high productivity growth. Seeking to promote growth in their domestic economies, governments around the world subsidize scientific research in many different ways. One way to increase scientific research would be to implement policies designed to increase demand for scientific research - for example, by paying a subsidy to purchasers. Such an increase in demand would be expected to lead to an increase in quantity supplied of scientific research and its market price. But how successful would such a policy be? Would the price rise caused by an increase in demand be associated with a relatively large or relatively small increase in scientific research output? In other words, is the elasticity supply of scientific research high or low? Some clues to the answer to this question can be found in the estimate, contained in a US study, that a 100 percent increase in the number of research scientists would give little more than a 50 percent increase in research output. Further increases in the number of scientists would increase output by an even smaller proportion. The fundamental argument is that the best research scientists are already in the industry - any increase in the number of scientists would involve employment of researchers with lower skills than those already employed. Using the above clues and assuming that the wage rate paid to all research scientists is the same, answer the following questions: i. If, as the demand for scientific research output increases, the companies and institutes undertaking this research respond to this increase in demand by employing more researchers, is the supply of research output likely to be elastic or inelastic? Explain ii. As output increases further, does supply elasticity become smaller or larger? iii. Is the elasticity of supply of scientific research output likely to increase over a six month period? Over a 10-year period? Explain
i. If the companies and institutes undertaking scientific research respond to an increase in demand by employing more researchers, the supply of research output is likely to be elastic. This means that the quantity supplied of scientific research output will be responsive to changes in demand.
The clue provided in the question suggests that a 100 percent increase in the number of research scientists leads to only a 50 percent increase in research output. This indicates diminishing returns to labor in scientific research. Hiring additional researchers with lower skills than those already employed implies that the productivity of these new researchers may be lower. Therefore, the increase in research output would be relatively smaller compared to the increase in the number of researchers.
ii. As output increases further, the supply elasticity of scientific research output is likely to become smaller. This is because, as more researchers are hired, the pool of available skilled researchers diminishes. The new researchers being employed may have lower skills and productivity compared to the initial researchers. This leads to diminishing returns to labor, resulting in a smaller increase in research output for each additional researcher employed. As a result, the supply becomes less responsive to changes in demand, indicating a decrease in supply elasticity.
iii. The elasticity of supply of scientific research output is unlikely to increase over a six-month period or even a 10-year period. The reason is that the best research scientists are already in the industry, as mentioned in the question. Any increase in the number of scientists would involve employing researchers with lower skills. This implies that the pool of highly skilled researchers available for hiring is limited, and there may be a scarcity of such researchers in the market. Therefore, the supply of scientific research output is unlikely to become more elastic over time, as it would be challenging to attract highly skilled researchers in significantly larger numbers within a short period.
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Which is the fund that accounts for the 90% of investments company Assets? A) Hedge fund B) Money market funds C) Mutual funds D none of the above
Answer:
The correct option is D. None of the above
Explanation:
The specific fund that holds the majority of an investment company's assets can vary depending on the company's investment strategy, portfolio composition, and individual circumstances. Investment companies may have different types of funds, such as mutual funds, hedge funds, money market funds, index funds, or others, and the allocation of assets among these funds can differ significantly.
To determine the fund that accounts for the majority of an investment company's assets, you would need to refer to the specific financial statements or disclosures provided by the company. These documents typically include information on the composition and allocation of assets among various funds within the investment company.
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If a U.S. exporter agrees to receive payment in 60 days in pounds, the British importer has assumed the exchange rate risk in the transaction.
a. true
b. false
It is a true statement that if a U.S. exporter agrees to receive payment in 60 days in pounds, the British importer has assumed the exchange rate risk in the transaction.
This is because when a U.S. exporter agrees to receive payment in 60 days in pounds, the British importer has the responsibility to exchange the equivalent amount of pounds to the U.S. dollars to pay the exporter after 60 days. So, the British importer is the one who has to bear the risk associated with the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and British pound after 60 days. This implies that the British importer is responsible for the payment, and in case there is a change in the exchange rate within the 60 days payment period, it will affect the amount that the British importer will pay. Therefore, the British importer bears the exchange rate risk.
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In a small open economy, a decrease in the money supply produces a ___ shift in aggregate demand curve if the exchange rate is ___ than if it is ___
Select one:
a. larger / flexible / fixed b. larger / fixed / flexible. c. smaller /fixed / flexible d. zero / fixed / flexible
e. Both A and C are correct.
The answer is a. larger / flexible / fixed. A decrease in the money supply will lead to a decrease in aggregate demand. This is because a decrease in the money supply will lead to an increase in interest rates, which will discourage investment and consumption.
In a small open economy, the exchange rate is flexible, which means that it can change in response to changes in the demand for and supply of foreign currency. If the exchange rate is flexible, then a decrease in the money supply will lead to a depreciation of the domestic currency. This depreciation will make exports cheaper and imports more expensive, which will boost exports and reduce imports. This will offset some of the negative effects of the decrease in aggregate demand, and will lead to a smaller decrease in output.
If the exchange rate is fixed, then the depreciation of the domestic currency cannot occur. This means that the decrease in aggregate demand will not be offset by an increase in exports and a decrease in imports. This will lead to a larger decrease in output.
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