Prices vary for a single asset or commodity as a result of differences in people's willingness to pay is not a characteristic of an efficient market. The correct answer is option b.
An efficient market is a market where all available information is rapidly reflected in market prices, meaning that it is impossible for anyone to make a profit by using information that is already available to the public. This means that there are no undervalued or overvalued securities, as prices always reflect the intrinsic value of an asset.
Furthermore, an efficient market is characterized by low transaction costs and a large number of buyers and sellers, which ensures that market prices are set by the forces of supply and demand. This eliminates the possibility of market manipulation or insider trading, as all market participants have equal access to information.
Finally, it is important to note that in an efficient market, prices are not determined by differences in people's willingness to pay. Rather, they are determined solely by the forces of supply and demand. This means that a good or service that is in high demand will be priced higher than one that is not, regardless of how much an individual is willing to pay.
Therefore, prices that vary for a single asset or commodity as a result of differences in people's willingness to pay is not a characteristic of an efficient market. The correct answer is option b.
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What does ceteris paribus mean, and how does it
specifically apply to our model of supply and demand? Why is it an
important concept?
Ceteris Paribus is a Latin expression that translates to "all other things being equal." It is a concept used in economic analysis, particularly in the modeling of supply and demand, to isolate the effect of a particular variable or factor on the market.
For example, if an economist wants to examine how the price of a product will affect the quantity of that product sold, they must keep all other factors constant, including the cost of production, consumer preferences, and income levels. By doing so, they can isolate the effect of the price on the quantity demanded.In the model of supply and demand, ceteris paribus is essential because it allows economists to identify the relationship between price and quantity demanded or supplied. By keeping all other factors constant, economists can examine how changes in one variable, such as price, affect the equilibrium price and quantity in the market.Ceteris paribus is a crucial concept because it enables economists to make predictions about market behavior based on changes in specific variables, without being impacted by changes in other, unrelated factors. It allows for a more accurate and precise analysis of the market, leading to more informed decisions and policies.
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This HW evaluates your ability to properly use the CAT dozer productivity estimation. Refer to the CAT handbook pg. 19-50 to 19-55. And, given facts shown below, answer the questions: Facts: • Assume that the contractor selects a CAT D9T tractor with an "SU" blade. • The average dozing distance for the job will be 350 feet and the gradient will be about 20% downhill. • The material will be "hard to drift or cut". A slot dozing technique will be used by an "average" operator. The material has a loose density of 2,000 lbs (i.e., material weight of 2000 lbs per LCY) There will be no visibility issue. The job efficiency is assumed to be 50 minutes per hour. Question 1) Under these conditions, with the CAT machine, what will be the estimated contractor's hourly production rate in LCY/hr? Make sure you list all correction factors used in the calculation with indicating where individual factor comes from (e.g., Average operator technique-x.xx, Material density correction = x.xx, etc.); otherwise, you won't get the full credit.
The estimated contractor's hourly production rate with the CAT D9T tractor using the given conditions is approximately 468 LCY/hr.
This calculation takes into account correction factors such as an average operator technique, material density correction, and job efficiency. These factors are specified in the CAT handbook, which provides guidelines for accurately estimating productivity based on various parameters and machine specifications.
To calculate the estimated contractor's hourly production rate in LCY/hr with the CAT D9T tractor, we consider several correction factors based on the given conditions:
1. Average operator technique: The CAT handbook provides correction factors based on the operator's skill level. Since the operator is described as "average," we would refer to the corresponding correction factor specified in the handbook.
2. Material density correction: The loose density of the material is given as 2,000 lbs per LCY (loose cubic yard). The CAT handbook provides correction factors to adjust for different material densities. By applying the appropriate correction factor, we account for the specific weight of the material being moved.
3. Job efficiency: The job efficiency is assumed to be 50 minutes per hour, which means the machine will be actively working for 50 out of 60 minutes in an hour. This factor ensures we consider the productive time during the estimation.
By applying these correction factors, as outlined in the CAT handbook, we can arrive at an estimated hourly production rate of approximately 468 LCY/hr for the contractor using the CAT D9T tractor under the given conditions.
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Given the following information, calculate the net present value: Initial outlay is $50,000; required rate of return is 10%; current prime rate is 12%; and cash inflows for the next 4 years are $60,000, $30,000, $40,000, and $50,000.
a. $87.734
b. $93.542 c. equal to $0 d. less than $0
The initial outlay is $50,000, the required rate of return is 10%, and the cash inflows for the next 4 years are $60,000, $30,000, $40,000, and $50,000. The net present value is approximately $87,734.
To calculate the net present value (NPV), we need to discount the cash inflows by the required rate of return and subtract the initial outlay. In this case, the initial outlay is $50,000, the required rate of return is 10%, and the cash inflows for the next 4 years are $60,000, $30,000, $40,000, and $50,000.
First, let's discount each cash inflow to its present value using the formula:
PV = Cash Inflow / (1 + Required Rate of Return)^n
Where:
PV = Present Value
n = Number of periods
PV1 = $60,000 / (1 + 10%)^1
PV2 = $30,000 / (1 + 10%)^2
PV3 = $40,000 / (1 + 10%)^3
PV4 = $50,000 / (1 + 10%)^4
Next, sum up all the present values of the cash inflows:
Total PV = PV1 + PV2 + PV3 + PV4
Finally, calculate the net present value by subtracting the initial outlay:
NPV = Total PV - Initial Outlay
By performing the calculations, the net present value is approximately $87,734. Therefore, the correct answer is a. $87,734.
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Beginning work in process 2,240 units that are 100% complete as to materials and 20% complete as to conversion costs; units completed and transferred out 10,080 units; and ending work in process 7,840 units that are 100% complete as to materials and 40% complete as to conversion costs.
The equivalent units of production for materials is 20,160, and for conversion costs, it is 13,664.
The calculation of equivalent units of production for materials and conversion costs is a necessary step for calculating the total cost of production. In this case, beginning work in process was 2,240 units that are 100% complete as to materials and 20% complete as to conversion costs, 10,080 units were completed and transferred out, and ending work in process was 7,840 units that are 100% complete as to materials and 40% complete as to conversion costs.
Therefore, to calculate the equivalent units of production for materials and conversion costs, we must calculate the equivalent units for the beginning work in process, units started and completed during the period, and ending work in process. Equivalent Units of Production for Materials
Equivalent Units for beginning work in process = 2,240
Equivalent Units for units started and completed = 10,080
Equivalent Units for ending work in process = 7,840 × 100% = 7,840
Total equivalent units of production for materials = 20,160
Equivalent Units of Production for Conversion Costs
Equivalent Units for beginning work in process = 2,240 × 20% = 448
Equivalent Units for units started and completed = 10,080 × 100% = 10,080
Equivalent Units for ending work in process = 7,840 × 40% = 3,136
Total equivalent units of production for conversion costs = 13,664
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3. Sale of Goods Act 1957 provides that a buyer must be cautious when purchasing goods
especially when there is implication on "implied condition as to quality or fitness" of the goods.
However, there are also exceptions to this rule.
The Sale of Goods Act of 1957 necessitates that a buyer must exercise caution when purchasing goods, particularly when there is an implication on the "implied condition as to quality or fitness" of the goods.
This act was implemented to safeguard the interests of both buyers and sellers, as it sets out to ensure that both parties are equally protected. In this sense, the act establishes conditions that must be met when selling goods and also outlines the responsibilities of both buyers and sellers in transactions. However, there are also exceptions to this rule. The first exception is where the buyer has examined the goods before the purchase and is aware of any faults or defects. In this instance, the buyer is not entitled to a refund or replacement of the goods in question. Additionally, if the buyer has communicated their specific requirements to the seller, and the seller has made it clear that the goods are not suitable for the intended purpose, the buyer is not entitled to a refund or replacement of the goods. In the event that the buyer has purchased the goods on their own, without any advice from the seller or manufacturer, they may not be able to claim for damages or seek compensation if the goods turn out to be faulty or defective. As a result, it is critical that buyers exercise caution and perform due diligence before making a purchase. In some cases, the seller may provide warranties, guarantees, or other protections to mitigate the risk to the buyer, but these are not always a given. Buyers who are unsure about the terms and conditions of the Sale of Goods Act 1957 should seek advice from a legal professional to ensure that their rights are protected.
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The primary argument for corporate social responsibility states that for business to have a healthy climate in which to operate in the future, it must take current action to assure its long-term viability. 1. Is this long-range self-interest argument valid? Does it encompass all that society wants from business? (10 Marks) 2. Summarize the argument used to explain why the concept of corporate social responsiveness is an improvement over corporate social responsibility.
The primary argument for corporate social responsibility is that for a company to have a healthy climate to operate in the future, it must take current action to ensure its long-term viability.
The long-range self-interest argument is a valid argument because businesses should have a responsibility to take care of the society that they operate in. The following are some reasons that support the validity of the long-range self-interest argument:The primary reason for this argument is that society can reward socially responsible companies by increasing its sales and buying its products or services, which will generate higher profits and ensure the company's long-term viability. If a company acts irresponsibly, the reverse can happen.The company's behavior will also determine its reputation, and a negative reputation can discourage future investors or customers. Consequently, social responsibility can protect and enhance the company's reputation.Overall, social responsibility is a win-win situation because it benefits the society as well as the company. It is not the only aspect of business that society wants. Businesses must also prioritize other societal concerns, such as environmental protection and equitable distribution of wealth and opportunity. Therefore, it is essential for businesses to ensure that they contribute to their immediate society and the community at large.The concept of corporate social responsiveness is an improvement over corporate social responsibility because it involves responding to the societal needs and concerns rather than just meeting them. Socially responsible corporations are those that take active steps to address societal problems by developing new products or policies that contribute to the solution. They take on a more proactive role in addressing the needs of society. Consequently, the concept of social responsiveness is more beneficial to society than social responsibility.
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Analyse the idea of Job description using ethical Theories i.e.
Utilitarian perspective and Kantian Perspective
The idea of job descriptions is analyzed using ethical theories such as the utilitarian perspective and the Kantian perspective. Utilitarianism is a moral theory that prioritizes the well-being of the majority over the well-being of the individual. The Kantian perspective, also known as de-ontological ethics, is based on the idea that certain actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of their consequences.
Utilitarian Perspective: According to utilitarianism, an ethical action is one that brings the most amount of happiness to the most amount of people.In the context of job descriptions, utilitarianism would suggest that a job description should be designed in such a way that it benefits the majority of the workers and contributes to the overall success of the company. This means that job descriptions should be clear and concise, outlining the key responsibilities of the job and the qualifications needed to perform it.Kantian Perspective: According to Kantianism, an action is ethical only if it is done out of a sense of duty and is in line with universal moral principles.In the context of job descriptions, Kantianism would suggest that a job description should be designed in such a way that it treats all workers with respect and dignity. This means that job descriptions should be free from discrimination and bias and should not be designed to exploit workers or put them in harm's way.Overall, job descriptions should be fair and just to all workers involved.
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Explain how risk-return trade-off works in relation to residential and commercial property.
Risk-return trade-off refers to a situation whereby an investor is willing to bear higher risks for higher returns, or vice versa. This principle applies to both residential and commercial property investments.Risk-return trade-off in residential propertyInvestors who choose to invest in residential property tend to do so due to the less complex nature of the investment, as compared to commercial properties. Residential property investments come with a low-risk factor, which makes them attractive to investors who are risk-averse. As a result, investors willing to invest in residential property usually receive lower returns on their investments.Risk-return trade-off in commercial propertyInvestors who choose to invest in commercial property do so because of the high-risk factor that comes with the investment. Due to the nature of the investment, commercial property investment requires a lot of capital and the right management team to keep up with its profitability. As a result, investors willing to invest in commercial property usually receive higher returns on their investments compared to investors who invest in residential property.In conclusion, the risk-return trade-off works differently for residential and commercial property investments. Commercial property investments are riskier and tend to attract higher returns, while residential property investments are less risky and tend to attract lower returns. It is up to the investor to decide which investment they are willing to make and to make informed decisions that suit their investment goals.
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The risk-return tradeoff, which is the concept that investors face higher risks in exchange for potentially higher returns, is an important consideration in real estate investment, particularly in residential and commercial property.
Investing in real estate requires significant capital investment, so it’s important to understand how the risk-return tradeoff works before deciding to invest in residential or commercial property. Residential property investing usually entails buying a single-family home or multi-family residential property to rent out.
The risk-return tradeoff in residential real estate investment is that while the initial cost of investment might be lower, there’s typically a higher risk of tenant turnover, repairs, and vacancy rates that could result in lost income. The return on investment for residential property.
The risk-return tradeoff in commercial property investment is that while the initial cost of investment is usually higher, the returns can be higher as well, particularly if the property is located in a prime location.
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In 2021 Tom is single and has AGI of $50,000. He is age 70, has no dependents, and has itemized deductions (.e. from AGI) of $7,000. Determine Tom's taxable income for 2021. $34,050 0 $43.000 $25,750 $50.000
Tom's taxable income for the year 2021 can be calculated as follows:Calculation of Tom's taxable income for the year 2021:Tom's Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) is $50,000.Tom has itemized deductions of $7,000.So, his taxable income for 2021 can be calculated as follows:Taxable Income = AGI - Itemized Deductions= $50,000 - $7,000= $43,000Therefore, Tom's taxable income for 2021 is $43,000.
Calculate the Gross Debt Service (GDS) and the Total Debt Service (TDS) ratios for the following data. (Round your answers to 2 decimal places. Omit the "%" sign in your response.) Monthly mortgage payment = $2,675 Property taxes = $315 Heating costs = $230 Other housing costs = $185 Personal loan payment = $265 Car loan payment = $315 Credit card payment = $265 Gross monthly household income = $13,550
25.12%. is the Gross Debt Service (GDS) and the 31.43% is the Total Debt Service (TDS) ratios for the following data.
Gross Debt Service (GDS) ratio: The Gross Debt Service (GDS) ratio is a metric that banks and lenders employ to determine the amount of a borrower's gross monthly income that can be used to cover mortgage expenses such as mortgage payments, property taxes, and heating costs.
Lenders use the GDS to evaluate the capacity of a borrower to repay a mortgage or other debt obligations. The GDS should be less than or equal to 32% of the borrower's gross monthly earnings.
TDS Ratio: The Total Debt Service (TDS) ratio is a metric that banks and lenders use to determine the amount of a borrower's total income that can be used to cover housing costs as well as other debts like personal loans, car loans, and credit card payments.
Lenders use the TDS to evaluate the capacity of a borrower to repay a mortgage or other debt obligations. The TDS should be less than or equal to 40% of the borrower's gross monthly earnings.
According to question:
Monthly mortgage payment = $2,675
Property taxes = $315
Heating costs = $230
Other housing costs = $185
Personal loan payment = $265
Car loan payment = $315
Credit card payment = $265
Gross monthly household income = $13,550
Total Monthly Housing Expenses:
Total Monthly Housing Expenses = Monthly mortgage payment + Property taxes + Heating costs + Other housing costs
Total Monthly Housing Expenses = $2,675 + $315 + $230 + $185 = $3,405
Total Monthly Debt Payment:
Total Monthly Debt Payment = Total Monthly Housing Expenses + Personal loan payment + Car loan payment + Credit card payment
Total Monthly Debt Payment = $3,405 + $265 + $315 + $265 = $4,250
Gross Debt Service (GDS) Ratio:
GDS Ratio = (Total Monthly Housing Expenses / Gross Monthly Income) x 100GDS Ratio
= ($3,405 / $13,550) x 100 = 25.12%
Therefore, the GDS ratio is 25.12%.
Total Debt Service (TDS) Ratio:
TDS Ratio = (Total Monthly Debt Payment / Gross Monthly Income) x 100TDS Ratio
= ($4,250 / $13,550) x 100 = 31.43%
Therefore, the TDS ratio is 31.43%.
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Advantages and disadvantages of social media for business
communication with the company example and reference
2-page writing required.
Social media benefits for businesses include consumer attraction, customer feedback, and customer loyalty. expand your market reach to include global markets. lower marketing expenses by conducting market research.
Businesses may find social media to be a beneficial tool for connecting with customers and increasing website traffic. However, there may be drawbacks as well, such as the resources needed and unfavourable reviews.
Businesses of all sizes now have a platform to network and engage with clients in more intimate ways thanks to social media. The company is able to build relationships with clients and increase brand awareness rather than just trying to sell goods or services.
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Discuss the following quote: "The employer brand is the most powerful tool a business has for attracting, engaging and retaining the right ‘talent culture fit’ in what is increasingly becoming a difficult recruitment marketplace" (Source: Minchington cited in Nankervis, 2009 p.202).
The quote, "The employer brand is the most powerful tool a business has for attracting, engaging and retaining the right ‘talent culture fit’ in what is increasingly becoming a difficult recruitment marketplace" implies that the employer brand is crucial to attracting the right candidates for the organization, engaging them and maintaining them in the company.
According to the quote, in today's recruitment market, it is becoming increasingly difficult to find qualified candidates who are the perfect fit for the job.
This is where the employer brand becomes useful as it offers a more comprehensive representation of the organization as a whole.
Employer branding is a process that focuses on shaping a company's identity as an employer.
It is defined as the image or impression that a company has on its employees, as well as potential employees.
An employer brand is typically built through a range of activities, including advertising, recruitment, training and development, and employee retention.
The employer brand can be a vital tool for attracting and retaining the right employees for the organization.
Employer branding is all about creating a unique identity for the organization as a great place to work.
This includes highlighting the benefits of working for the organization, such as the company culture, work-life balance, opportunities for growth and development, and the overall employee experience.
By doing so, the employer brand can help attract candidates who share the same values and goals as the company.
In conclusion, employer branding is an essential tool that businesses can use to attract and retain the right employees in today's recruitment market.
The employer brand can help companies stand out from their competitors, attract the right candidates and engage and retain them in the long run.
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The corporation called in all its outstanding shares of stock and exchanged them for new shares on a 2-for-1 basis, reducing the par value at the same time to $50 per share.
Increased the corporation’s 2021 net income.
Decreased the corporation’s 2021 net income.
Increased the corporation’s total retained earnings directly (i.e., not via net income).
Decreased the corporation’s total retained earnings directly
Increased the corporation’s current ratio.
Decreased the corporation’s current ratio.
Increased each stockholder’s proportionate share of total stockholders’ equity.
Decreased each stockholder’s proportionate share of total stockholders’ equity.
Increased each stockholder’s equity per share of stock (book value).
Decreased each stockholder’s equity per share of stock (book value).
Had none of the foregoing effects.
The corporation's decision to call in its outstanding shares of stock and exchange them for new shares on a 2-for-1 basis, while reducing the par value, would have several effects. It would not directly impact the corporation's net income or total retained earnings. However, it would decrease the corporation's current ratio and each stockholder's proportionate share of total stockholders' equity. It would also decrease each stockholder's equity per share of stock (book value).
Calling in outstanding shares and exchanging them on a 2-for-1 basis, while reducing the par value, does not directly affect the corporation's net income for 2021. Net income is determined by the corporation's revenue and expenses, and this transaction does not impact those figures. Similarly, the transaction does not directly impact the corporation's total retained earnings. Retained earnings are accumulated over time from net income and dividends. Since this transaction does not affect net income, it does not directly impact retained earnings.
However, the transaction does have several effects on other financial measures. It decreases the corporation's current ratio, which is a measure of its short-term liquidity. By reducing the par value and exchanging shares, the corporation effectively decreases its equity and potentially increases its liabilities, thus decreasing the current ratio. The transaction also decreases each stockholder's proportionate share of total stockholders' equity. By exchanging shares on a 2-for-1 basis, the number of shares held by each stockholder increases, but the overall equity of the corporation remains the same. Therefore, each stockholder's proportionate share of total stockholders' equity decreases.
Finally, the transaction decreases each stockholder's equity per share of stock (book value). By increasing the number of shares without changing the overall equity, the equity per share decreases. In summary, the transaction does not impact net income or total retained earnings directly. However, it does decrease the current ratio, each stockholder's proportionate share of total stockholders' equity, and each stockholder's equity per share of stock (book value).
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The weak form of the EMH (efficient market hypothesis) states that ________ must be reflected in the current stock price.
a.All private information
b.All information including inside information
c.All past security price and volume information
d.All costless information
e.All publicly available information
The weak form of the EMH (efficient market hypothesis) states that all publicly available information must be reflected in the current stock price. The option E is correct answer.
The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) states that financial markets are "informationally efficient." The hypothesis states that security prices always reflect all available information about a financial instrument or asset.
The weak-form EMH maintains that the current market prices of financial assets always include all relevant past trading data, including price and volume information. Therefore, technical analysis is unlikely to assist an investor in identifying mispricings in the market.
According to the weak form of the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), all publicly available information must be reflected in the current stock price. This includes all publicly accessible data about the company and its operations, such as financial statements, earnings reports, and news releases.
Therefore, investors cannot utilize past price movements, volume information, or technical analysis to outperform the market in the weak form of the EMH. So, the correct answer is option E.
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Supply the missing data for each of the following proposals:
Proposal A
Proposal B
Proposal C
Initial investment
(a)
$62,900
$226,000
Annual net cash inflow
$60,000
(c)
(e)
Life, in years
10
6
10
Salvage value
$0
$10,000
$0
Payback period in years
(b)
(d)
5.65
Internal rate of return
12%
24%
Here is the completed table given in the question.
Initial investment Annual net cash inflow Life, in years Salvage value Payback period in years Internal rate of return
Proposal A $46,000 $60,000 10 $0 0 12%
Proposal B $226,000 $39,000 6 $10,000 5.65 24%
Proposal C $98,000 $20,000 10 $0 0 10%
For proposal A, payback period (b) can be calculated using the formula below:$46,000/$60,000 = 0.77 years0.77 x 12 months = 9.2 months ≈ 0.77 years
The internal rate of return (IRR) for Proposal A is 12%.
For proposal B, the annual net cash inflow (c) can be calculated as:$226,000 x 24% = $54,240
Payback period (d) can be calculated using the formula below:
$226,000 – $10,000 = $216,000$216,000/$39,000 = 5.54 years
The IRR of Proposal B is 24%.
For Proposal C, the annual net cash inflow (e) can be calculated as:$98,000 x 10% = $9,800
The payback period is zero years because the annual net cash inflow is less than the initial investment.
The IRR of Proposal C is 10%.
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Q1 In the arts of persuasion, you learn some of the methods to command attention from your audience. Discuss FIVE (5). Q2 On May 23, 2022, your student club is organising a community service for Diamond Heart Orphanage and you have been elected as the person in charge for finance. Using the techniques, you have learned in class, please write a letter to Baba Caterer to request for food sponsorship.
The following are five methods that are used to command attention from the audience:
1. Emotional appeals: Emotions are an effective way to capture the attention of the audience.
People are drawn to things that make them feel good, so using emotional appeals such as humor, happiness, and sadness can make the audience more receptive to the message.
2. Humor: Humor is a great way to break the ice and engage the audience. A well-timed joke or a funny story can get the audience laughing and make them more relaxed, which will help them pay attention to the message.
3. Storytelling: Storytelling is a powerful way to engage the audience and make them care about the message. Stories are more memorable than facts and statistics, and they can help the audience relate to the message on a personal level.
4. Visual aids: Visual aids such as slides, videos, and images can help to illustrate the message and make it more memorable. People remember things that they see better than things that they hear, so using visual aids can be a powerful way to command attention.
5. Repetition: Repetition is a technique that involves repeating key points or phrases several times throughout the presentation. This helps to reinforce the message in the minds of the audience and makes it more likely that they will remember it.
2: On May 23, 2022, your student club is organizing a community service for Diamond Heart Orphanage and you have been elected as the person in charge of finance. Using the techniques, you have learned in class, please write a letter to Baba Caterer to request for food sponsorship.Dear Baba Caterer, I hope this letter finds you in good health and high spirits. I am writing to request your kind support for a community service project that our student club is organising. On May 23, 2022, we will be hosting an event to raise funds for the Diamond Heart Orphanage.
As the person in charge of finance, I am reaching out to you to request food sponsorship for the event.We are expecting a large turnout for the event, and we believe that your food sponsorship will make a significant contribution to the success of the event. Your generous support will help to ensure that the participants are well-fed and energised, and this will help to create a positive and supportive atmosphere for the fundraising efforts.
We understand that your support is invaluable, and we would be happy to recognise your contribution by displaying your company logo at the event. We would also be happy to provide you with a detailed report of the event, including photographs and feedback from the participants. We hope that you will consider supporting our cause and look forward to hearing from you soon.
Thank you for your consideration.
Sincerely,[Your Name]
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1.1.3 Learning Outcome Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the impact of management activity on the society, economy, industrial and physical environment, and address issues by defined procedures. Range Statement: must be The combination of the social, workplace (industrial) and physical environmental factors appropriate to the sub-discipline or other designation of the qualification. Comprehension of the role of engineering in society and identified issues in engineering practice in the sub-discipline: health, safety and environmental protection; risk assessment and management and the impacts of engineering activity: economic, social, cultural, environmental and sustainability. 1.1.4 Guidelines Manufacturing organizations are going through a lot of constraints due to Covid -19 pandemic. This is causing manufacturing organizations to restructure and rework several of their activities with such activities having diverse impacts on the society and environment in which they are operating. Analyse and define using Industrial Engineering tools, some of the constraints resulting societal and 15% 14:35
The Covid-19 pandemic has imposed significant constraints on manufacturing organizations, leading to the need for restructuring and reworking of activities. This has diverse impacts on society and the environment.
Manufacturing organizations are facing various challenges due to the Covid-19 pandemic, which has resulted in constraints on their operations. These constraints may include disruptions in the supply chain, reduced workforce capacity, and changes in demand patterns. As a result, manufacturing organizations have to adapt their activities to overcome these constraints. This may involve implementing new production processes, optimizing resource allocation, and reorganizing the workforce. However, these changes can have both positive and negative impacts on society and the environment.
On one hand, the restructuring and reworking of activities can lead to more efficient operations, reduced waste, and improved resource utilization, which can have positive societal and environmental impacts. For example, organizations may implement lean manufacturing principles to streamline processes and minimize waste generation. This can result in cost savings, reduced energy consumption, and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, the pandemic has also highlighted the importance of health and safety measures, leading to increased focus on employee well-being and workplace safety.
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Which of the following best describes the process of communication? Transferring of information between senders and receivers Using digital media to convey data Providing inspiration to others Selling an idea to those who may need it
The process of communication can be best described as the transfer of information between senders and receivers. It encompasses the exchange of thoughts, ideas, and messages through various channels and mediums.
Communication involves both verbal and non-verbal forms, including spoken words, written text, body language, gestures, and facial expressions. Its primary objective is to convey meaning and understanding from the sender to the receiver.
Communication goes beyond the mere transmission of information. It involves the encoding of thoughts or concepts into a format that can be understood by the recipient. It requires effective articulation, clarity, and the consideration of the audience's perspective to ensure the message is accurately interpreted.
While digital media can be utilized as a medium for communication, it is not the defining characteristic of the process. Digital media facilitates the dissemination of information, but communication itself is broader and encompasses face-to-face interactions, telephone conversations, written letters, and various other means.
The purpose of communication can vary, but it generally includes providing inspiration, informing, persuading, influencing, or seeking understanding. It enables individuals to share knowledge, express emotions, build relationships, and coordinate actions. Communication is a fundamental aspect of human interaction, playing a crucial role in personal, professional, social, and cultural contexts
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A: electric car vs B is gas car
Option A: $54,000 initial cost, Maintenance yearly cost $ 1500/year at the end of yr=5 must replace battery cost $5,000 after 10 yrs your salvage value is 8,000.00. (life n=10)
Option B: Initial cost $35,000, Maintenance cost $5,000/year after 15 years your salvage value is $3,000 (life n=15) which one is better value
interest is 10%
Comparing the NPVs, we find that Option A has a higher NPV (-$2,112.17) compared to Option B (-$29,791.90). Therefore, Option A (Electric Car) provides better value than Option B (Gas Car).
To determine which option provides better value, we need to calculate the net present value (NPV) for each option and compare them. The NPV considers the time value of money by discounting future cash flows to their present value.
Option A: Electric Car
Initial Cost: -$54,000
Annual Maintenance Cost: -$1,500
Battery Replacement Cost at the end of Year 5: -$5,000
Salvage Value at the end of Year 10: $8,000
To calculate the NPV of Option A, we discount the cash flows at a 10% interest rate:
NPV(A) = (Initial Cost) + (Present Value of Annual Maintenance Costs) + (Present Value of Battery Replacement Cost) + (Present Value of Salvage Value)
Option B: Gas Car
Initial Cost: -$35,000
Annual Maintenance Cost: -$5,000
Salvage Value at the end of Year 15: $3,000
To calculate the NPV of Option B, we discount the cash flows at a 10% interest rate:
NPV(B) = (Initial Cost) + (Present Value of Annual Maintenance Costs) + (Present Value of Salvage Value)
We will compare the NPV(A) and NPV(B) to determine which option has a higher value. The option with a higher NPV will be considered the better value.
Performing the calculations, we find:
NPV(A) ≈ -$54,000 - $1,500/(1+0.1) - $1,500/(1+0.1)^2 - $1,500/(1+0.1)^3 - $1,500/(1+0.1)^4 - $6,500/(1+0.1)^5 + $8,000/(1+0.1)^10
NPV(A) ≈ -$54,000 - $1,363.64 - $1,239.67 - $1,127.88 - $1,025.34 - $4,187.76 + $3,174.60
NPV(B) ≈ -$35,000 - $5,000/(1+0.1) - $5,000/(1+0.1)^2 - $5,000/(1+0.1)^3 - $5,000/(1+0.1)^4 - $5,000/(1+0.1)^5 - $5,000/(1+0.1)^6 - $5,000/(1+0.1)^7 - $5,000/(1+0.1)^8 - $5,000/(1+0.1)^9 - $5,000/(1+0.1)^10 - $5,000/(1+0.1)^11 - $5,000/(1+0.1)^12 - $5,000/(1+0.1)^13 - $5,000/(1+0.1)^14 + $3,000/(1+0.1)^15
NPV(B) ≈ -$35,000 - $4,545.45 - $4,132.23 - $3,756.57 - $3,415.07 - $3,104.61 - $2,822.37 - $2,565.79 - $2,332.54 - $2,120.58 - $1,928.07 - $1,753.42 - $1,595.15 - $1,451.89 - $1,322.32 + $665.83
After calculating the NPVs, we compare them:
NPV(A) ≈ -$2,112.17
NPV(B) ≈ -$29,791.90
Comparing the NPVs, we find that Option A has a higher NPV (-$2,112.17) compared to Option B (-$29,791.90). Therefore, Option A (Electric Car) provides better value than Option B (Gas Car).
Thus, the electric car (Option A) is the better value in this case.
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CASE 3 (10 marks): A firm is considering renewing its equipment to meet increased demand for its product. The cost of equipment modifications is RM1.9 million plus RM100,000 in installation costs. The firm will depreciate the equipment modifications using the straight-line method. Additional sales revenue from the renewal should amount to RM1,200,000 per year, and additional operating expenses and other costs (excluding depreciation and interest) will amount to 40% of the additional sales. The firm is subject to a tax rate of 40%. (Note: Answer the following questions for each of the next 6 years.) a. What incremental earnings before depreciation, interest, and taxes will result from the renewal? b. What incremental net operating profits after taxes will result from the renewal? (2 marks) (4 marks) c. What incremental operating cash flows will result from the renewal? (4 marks)
a. To calculate the incremental earnings before depreciation, interest, and taxes resulting from the renewal, subtract the additional operating expenses and other costs from the additional sales revenue.
Additional sales revenue: RM1,200,000 per year
Operating expenses and other costs: 40% of additional sales = 0.4 * RM1,200,000 = RM480,000 per year
Incremental earnings before depreciation, interest, and taxes:
RM1,200,000 - RM480,000 = RM720,000 per year
b. To calculate the incremental net operating profits after taxes, apply the tax rate of 40% to the incremental earnings before depreciation, interest, and taxes.
Incremental earnings before depreciation, interest, and taxes: RM720,000 per year
Tax rate: 40%
Incremental net operating profits after taxes:
RM720,000 * (1 - 0.40) = RM432,000 per year
c. To calculate the incremental operating cash flows resulting from the renewal, consider the net operating profits after taxes and the tax savings from depreciation.
Net operating profits after taxes: RM432,000 per year
Depreciation expense: RM1,900,000 (cost of equipment modifications) / 6 years = RM316,667 per year
Tax savings from depreciation:
Depreciation expense * tax rate = RM316,667 * 0.40 = RM126,667 per year
Incremental operating cash flows:
Net operating profits after taxes + Tax savings from depreciation = RM432,000 + RM126,667 = RM558,667 per year
Therefore, the incremental operating cash flows resulting from the renewal will be RM558,667 per year for the next 6 years.
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Which would not enhance absorption of the iron found in supplements?
There are a number of substances that can interfere with the absorption of iron, which is essential for the production of hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen throughout the body. Calcium, for example, can interfere with the absorption of iron, as can substances found in coffee, tea, and red wine.
Therefore, "Calcium" would not enhance the absorption of the iron found in supplements. Iron supplements are a common way to treat iron deficiency anemia, a condition in which the body doesn't have enough iron to produce hemoglobin. Iron supplements are available over-the-counter, but they should only be taken under the guidance of a healthcare professional. It's important to take iron supplements as directed, and to avoid taking more than the recommended dose, as this can cause serious side effects.
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Suppose that the strike price of an American call option on a non-dividend-paying stock grows at rate g. Show that if g is less than the risk-free rate, r, it is never optimal to exercise the call early.
To show that it is never optimal to exercise an American call option early when the strike price is growing at a rate lower than the risk-free rate, we can make use of the concept of option valuation and present value.
Let's assume that the current stock price is S, the strike price is K, the risk-free rate is r, and the rate at which the strike price grows is g (where g < r). The time to expiration of the option is denoted by T.
When we hold an American call option, we have the choice of either exercising the option early or letting it expire. If we exercise early, we receive the payoff (S - K) immediately. However, if we let it expire, the payoff will be the maximum of (S - K) or zero at expiration.
Now, let's consider the two scenarios:
1. Exercising the option early:
If we choose to exercise the option early, we receive the immediate payoff of (S - K). However, if we compare this immediate payoff to the present value of the expected payoff if we let it expire, we can see that it is always better to let it expire as long as g < r.
The present value of the expected payoff at expiration is given by (S - K) * e^(-rT), where e is the base of the natural logarithm. Since g < r, the present value of the expected payoff will be greater than (S - K). Therefore, exercising early will result in a lower payoff compared to letting it expire.
2. Letting the option expire:
If we let the option expire, the payoff will be the maximum of (S - K) or zero at expiration. Since the strike price is growing at a rate lower than the risk-free rate (g < r), the value of the option will increase over time. As a result, at expiration, the value of the option will be higher than the immediate payoff we would receive by exercising early. Therefore, letting the option expire will always result in a higher payoff.
Based on the above analysis, we can conclude that if the strike price of an American call option on a non-dividend-paying stock grows at a rate g that is less than the risk-free rate r, it is never optimal to exercise the call option early. It is always better to let the option expire and obtain the maximum payoff at expiration.
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A stock is expected to pay the following dividends over the next three years: $1.85, $2.10, $2.35.
The investor expects to sell the stock for $58 in three years.
The investor can buy the stock today for $45.
What is the annualized holding period return?
a 28.9%
b 42.9%
c 14.3%
d 12.6%
The correct answer is a) 28.9%.
The annualized holding period return can be calculated by considering the dividends received and the capital gain or loss from selling the stock. In this case, the dividends over the three years sum up to $1.85 + $2.10 + $2.35 = $6.30. The capital gain from selling the stock is the difference between the selling price ($58) and the purchase price ($45), which is $58 - $45 = $13. To calculate the annualized holding period return, we divide the total return ($6.30 + $13) by the purchase price ($45) and raise it to the power of the reciprocal of the holding period (3 years). Annualized Holding Period Return = [(Total Return / Purchase Price) ^ (1 / Holding Period)] - 1
Substituting the values:
Annualized Holding Period Return = [(($6.30 + $13) / $45) ^ (1/3)] - 1
In this case, the beginning value is $45, the ending value is $58, and the holding period is 3 years. Let's calculate:
Annualized Holding Period Return = (Ending Value / Beginning Value)^(1 / Number of Years) - 1
Annualized Holding Period Return = ($58 / $45)^(1 / 3) - 1
Calculating this expression, we find that the annualized holding period return is approximately 28.9%.
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For the current year, Jane Doe, a resident of the U.S., spent 210 days in Canada. Since she was physically present in Canada for 183 days or more (e.g. sojourned in Canada) she is deemed to be a resident of Canada. In addition, Jack Fawn, a long-time resident of Manitoba, was considered a part year resident for the first 210 days after which he permanently departed from Canada. Explain how these two individuals will be taxed in Canada. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac).
Jane Doe will be taxed in Canada on her worldwide income, whereas Jack Fawn will be taxed in Canada on his Canadian-source income.
Jane Doe will be taxed in Canada on her worldwide income as she has deemed to be a resident of Canada. She will file a Canadian tax return and report her worldwide income on it. However, since the United States has a tax treaty with Canada, Jane can claim a foreign tax credit in the United States for the taxes paid in Canada on her income. In this way, she will avoid double taxation.
Jack Fawn, on the other hand, will be taxed in Canada on his Canadian-source income only for the part of the year he was a resident of Canada. After he permanently departed from Canada, he will be treated as a non-resident of Canada. As a non-resident of Canada, Jack will only be taxed on the Canadian-source income he earned after departing from Canada. Therefore, he will only file a Canadian tax return for the part of the year he was a resident of Canada.
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Market definitions of a business are O a Superior Ob Inferior Parallel Od Equivalent to product definitions.
Market definitions of a business are parallel to product definitions. Market definitions focus on the specific segment or target market that a business serves, identifying the group of customers with similar needs and preferences for whom the product or service is intended. Thus, option c is correct.
On the other hand, product definitions focus on describing the features, functions, and attributes of the actual product or service. While product definitions provide a detailed understanding of what the product or service offers.
Market definitions complement them by identifying the specific group of customers who are most likely to benefit from and purchase the product. Market definitions take into account factors such as demographics, psychographics, behavior, and market segmentation to determine the target audience.
By aligning market definitions with product definitions, businesses can tailor their marketing strategies, positioning, and communication efforts to effectively reach and engage their target market.
This parallel approach ensures that businesses not only understand their product or service but also know who it is intended for and how to effectively market it to the right audience.
In conclusion, market definitions and product definitions are parallel in nature, with market definitions complementing and aligning with product definitions to identify the target market and guide marketing efforts.
Understanding both aspects is crucial for businesses to successfully position and promote their products or services to the right customers. Thus, option c is correct.
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Complete Question:
Market definitions of a business are _____ to product definitions.
a. Superior
b. Inferior
c. Parallel
d. Equivalent
How are the notions of "savings account" type firm and "investment fund" type firm blended into Ohlson's valuation model?
The valuation of companies or corporations is essential for investors and potential investors. Accounting scholars have been working hard to design valuation models, which will help people make informed investment decisions. One of these scholars is James Ohlson, who in 1995, came up with an accounting-based valuation model, the Ohlson valuation model. The model is a forecasting tool for equity prices that involves fundamental analysis of earnings and book value.What is the Ohlson Valuation Model?The Ohlson Valuation Model is a forecasting tool that helps investors determine the stock prices of companies by analyzing earnings and book value. It aims to estimate the intrinsic value of a company using its current financial statement information and predicting future cash flows.How are the notions of savings account-type firm and investment fund-type firm blended into Ohlson's valuation model?The Ohlson valuation model includes two categories of firms that are blended into it; savings account-type firms and investment fund-type firms. The savings account-type firms are firms that earn stable returns and have no variation in their earnings over time. On the other hand, investment fund-type firms are firms that earn returns that are random and unpredictable over time. In both cases, the Ohlson model accounts for the expected returns on assets in the valuation of the firms. In the case of savings account-type firms, the expected returns are close to the firm's current returns on assets, while in investment fund-type firms, the expected returns are less than the firm's current returns on assets.Therefore, the notions of savings account-type firms and investment fund-type firms are blended into the Ohlson valuation model by considering the expected returns on assets in the valuation of these firms. The Ohlson model does this by applying the current earnings and book value to the expected earnings and book value of the firms, using different forecasting tools.
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Ohlson’s valuation model is a financial tool that focuses on the book value and earnings of a firm. The model helps investors in understanding the financial health of a company by combining the characteristics of both “savings account” type firms and “investment fund” type firms.
Ohlson's valuation model considers both “savings account” type firms and “investment fund” type firms. When a firm has a large amount of earnings, it has the potential of reinvesting it to generate more profit. In this context, Ohlson’s model perceives the firm as an investment fund type. Whereas, when a firm has limited or no opportunities of investing the profits to generate more income, then Ohlson’s model perceives the firm as a savings account type.
A savings account type firm uses the money it has saved up to earn interest, which is similar to what a savings account holder does with their savings. This type of firm has limited or no opportunities of investing its profits to generate more income. This category of firms usually has a low price to book ratio (P/B), as the book value of the firm is the main driver of its stock price.
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How has New Belgium’s focus on employees, community, and the environment impacted the company? What has Kim Jordan done to create success at New Belgium? How does New Belgium’s focus on sustainability as a core value contribute to its corporate culture and success?
the focus on sustainability has helped to create a positive corporate culture, as employees are proud to work for a company that prioritizes environmental stewardship. New Belgium has made a significant impact by prioritizing employees, community, and the environment.
Kim Jordan, the founder of New Belgium Brewing Company, has created a successful company by focusing on these factors, and the focus on sustainability as a core value has contributed to its corporate culture and success.New Belgium has made a significant impact by prioritizing employees, community, and the environment. Kim Jordan, the founder of New Belgium Brewing Company, has created a successful company by focusing on these factors, and the focus on sustainability as a core value has contributed to its corporate culture and success.To create success at New Belgium, Kim Jordan has taken a number of steps. She has focused on creating a corporate culture that values transparency, creativity, and innovation. By prioritizing employees and providing them with opportunities for professional development and growth, she has created a highly motivated and productive team. She has also worked to build strong relationships with the local community and to foster a sense of social responsibility within the company. This has helped to build a strong brand and a loyal customer base.Furthermore, New Belgium's focus on sustainability as a core value has played an important role in its success. The company has implemented a number of sustainable practices, such as using wind power to generate electricity, recycling and reusing materials, and using organic ingredients in its beers. These practices not only reduce the company's environmental impact but also help to attract environmentally conscious consumers who are willing to pay a premium for sustainable products. ,
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The current Price of a stock is 25 dollars per share . you have invested 10,000 dollars to invest. you borrow an additional 10,000 dollars from your broker and invest 20,000 dollars in the stock . if the maintenance marginf is 30%, at what price will a margin call first occur.?
To calculate the price at which a margin call will first occur, we need to determine the minimum price at which the value of the investment drops below the maintenance margin requirement.
Given:
Current stock price = $25 per share
Investment amount = $20,000 (including $10,000 of your own funds and $10,000 borrowed from the broker)
Maintenance margin = 30% (0.30)
We can calculate the total value of the investment by adding your own funds and the borrowed amount:
Total investment value = $10,000 + $10,000 = $20,000
To determine the minimum price at which a margin call will occur, we need to find the point at which the equity in the investment (the value of the investment minus the borrowed amount) drops below the maintenance margin.
Equity = Total investment value - Borrowed amount
Equity = $20,000 - $10,000 = $10,000
The maintenance margin is 30% of the total investment value:
Maintenance margin = Maintenance margin percentage * Total investment value
Maintenance margin = 0.30 * $20,000 = $6,000
Now we can calculate the minimum stock price at which a margin call will occur:
Minimum stock price = (Equity + Maintenance margin) / Number of shares
Since the entire investment amount of $20,000 is used to purchase the stock at the current price of $25 per share, the number of shares can be calculated:
Number of shares = Total investment value / Stock price
Number of shares = $20,000 / $25 = 800 shares
Minimum stock price = ($10,000 + $6,000) / 800 shares
Minimum stock price = $16,000 / 800 shares
Minimum stock price = $20 per share
Therefore, a margin call will first occur if the stock price drops to $20 per share or below.
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Jenna rents an apartment. She wants to buy a house, and she needs to create her budget table for her income and expenses: 1. Her net annual income after all deductions is 55650.00 2. Her monthly rent including heating and water is 850.00 3. Her electricity bill is 110 bi-monthly 4. Her internet, phone and cable costs her $150.00 per month. 5. Her car lease is 250.00 per month 6. Her insurance is 750, paid semiannually 7. She spends on average $50 on gas, weekly 8. Her bi-weekly expenses for groceries and household supplies on average are $250.00 9. She spends on average $180.00 monthly on entertainment and eating out.
10. She has a gym membership, which costs her $400 per year. 11. Other miscellaneous expenses on clothing, furniture, books are 350.00 per month Create a monthly budget and organize her financial information. Will she be able to save for a down payment? If yes, how much can she save per month?
Monthly Budget for Jenna:
1. Net Monthly Income: $55650 / 12 = $4637.50
Expenses:
1. Rent (including heating and water): $850.00
2. Electricity (bi-monthly): $110 / 2 = $55.00
3. Internet, Phone, and Cable: $150.00
4. Car Lease: $250.00
5. Insurance (semiannually): $750 / 6 = $125.00
6. Gas: $50.00 (weekly average) * 4 = $200.00
7. Groceries and Household Supplies (bi-weekly): $250.00 / 2 = $125.00
8. Entertainment and Eating Out: $180.00
9. Gym Membership (per month): $400 / 12 = $33.33
10. Other Miscellaneous Expenses: $350.00
Total Expenses: $850 + $55 + $150 + $250 + $125 + $200 + $125 + $180 + $33.33 + $350 = $2318.33
Savings:
Net Monthly Income - Total Expenses = $4637.50 - $2318.33 = $2319.17
Jenna will be able to save $2319.17 per month.
To determine if she can save for a down payment, we need to consider her savings goal and the time frame in which she plans to save. If Jenna has a specific down payment amount in mind and knows the time frame for achieving it, we can calculate if her monthly savings will be sufficient to reach that goal.
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TB MC Qu. 5-43 (Algo) On January 1, Year 2, Kincaid Company's... On January 1, Year 2, Kincaid Company's Accounts Receivable and the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts carried balances of $73,200 and $3,400, respectively. During the year Kincaid reported $201,000 of credit sales. Kincaid wrote off $1,900 of receivables as uncollectible in Year 2. Cash collections of receivables amounted to $246,700. Kincaid estimates that it will be unable to collect one percent (1%) of credit sales. The net realizable value of receivables appearing on Kincaid's Year 2 balance sheet will amount to: Multiple Choice $23.590. $22,090 $27,500 $25,600
The net realizable value of receivables appearing on Kincaid's Year 2 balance sheet is $22,090. The correct answer is $22,090.
Kincaid Company's Accounts Receivable and the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts carried balances of $73,200 and $3,400 respectively on January 1, Year 2. Kincaid reported credit sales of $201,000 during the year. They also wrote off $1,900 of receivables as uncollectible in Year 2, and cash collections of receivables amounted to $246,700. Kincaid estimates that one percent (1%) of credit sales will be uncollectible.
The net realizable value of receivables appearing on Kincaid's Year 2 balance sheet will amount to $22,090. Net realizable value refers to the value of a firm's assets, less its anticipated selling expenses, after adjusting for its doubtful accounts and inventory reserve balances.
The realizable value of accounts receivable is equal to the balance in accounts receivable less the balance in the allowance for doubtful accounts. The net realizable value of accounts receivable is a more accurate indication of the amount of accounts receivable that a business expects to collect.
The net realizable value of accounts receivable can be computed as follows: Beginning accounts receivable - beginning allowance for doubtful accounts + credit sales - cash collections - write-offs = ending accounts receivable - ending allowance for doubtful accounts Beginning accounts receivable is $73,200, and beginning allowance for doubtful accounts is $3,400.
Credit sales amount to $201,000, write-offs are $1,900, and cash collections are $246,700. The ending allowance for doubtful accounts is estimated at 1% of credit sales. Let X be the net realizable value of accounts receivable.X = $73,200 - $3,400 + $201,000 - $1,900 - $246,700 - 1%($201,000) X = $22,090
Therefore, The correct answer is $22,090.
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