A state's labor department conducted a study regarding the mean yearly earnings per household in the state. The department randomly selected 533 households in the state to be the sample. The population mean is $49,829.00. The department also found the standard deviation to be $933.00. What is the approximate standard error of the mean, assuming a 99.7% confidence level? 1.75 40.41 17.45 23.09

Answers

Answer 1

The approximate standard error of the mean, assuming a 99.7% confidence level is 40.41.

Given population mean (µ) = $49,829

population standard deviation (σ) = $933

the randomly selected households (n) = 533 households

the confidence level = 99.7%

To find the standard error of the mean at a 99.7% of confidence level, we will substitute the above values in the below equation,

Standard error of the mean = σ/√n = 933/√533 ≅ 40.41

From the above analysis, we can conclude that the standard error of the mean at a 99.7% confidence level is 40.41.

To know more about the standard error of the mean,

https://brainly.com/question/29037921

#SPJ1

Answer 2

Answer:

40.41

Step-by-step explanation:

Plato/Edmentum

A State's Labor Department Conducted A Study Regarding The Mean Yearly Earnings Per Household In The

Related Questions

After 8 years, Fabian earned $1430 in simple interest from a CD into which he
initially deposited $5500. What was the annual interest rate of the CD?
A. 0.48%
B. 4.8%
C. 0.325%
D. 3.25%

Answers

Answer:

D. 3.25%

Step-by-step explanation:

The formula for simple interest is:

I = Prt

where I is the interest earned, P is the principal, r is the annual interest rate, and t is the time in years.

We are given that:

I = $1430

P = $5500

t = 8 years

Substituting the values:

$1430 = $5500 * r * 8

Simplifying, we get:

r = $1430 / ($5500 * 8)

r = 0.0325 or 3.25%

Therefore, the annual interest rate of the CD is 3.25%.

Answer: D. 3.25%

A man drove 14 miles directly east from his home, made a left turn at an intersection, and then traveled 7 miles north to his place of work. If a road was made directly from his home to his place of work, what would its distance be to the nearest tenth of a mile?

Answers

We can use the Pythagorean theorem to find the distance between the man's home and his place of work.

The distance traveled east and the distance traveled north form the two legs of a right triangle, and the distance we want to find is the hypotenuse.

Using the Pythagorean theorem, we have:

distance^2 = (14 miles)^2 + (7 miles)^2
distance^2 = 196 + 49
distance^2 = 245
distance = sqrt(245)
distance = 15.62 miles (rounded to the nearest tenth)

Therefore, the distance between the man's home and his place of work, if a road was made directly between them, would be approximately 15.6 miles.

what are the answers to these questions

Answers

Θ(x) = tan⁻¹(5x / (4(x - 13))), and Θ is maximized when the distance the cow must stand from the billboard x₀ = 26.

How to determine angle and distance?

To find Θ, use similar triangles. Let the distance from the cow to the top of the billboard be h. Then, using similar triangles:

h / x = 5 / (x - 13)

Solving for h:

h = 5x / (x - 13)

The vertical angle subtended by the billboard at the cow's eye is equal to the angle whose tangent is given by:

tan(Θ) = h / 4

Substituting for h:

tan(Θ) = 5x / (4(x - 13))

To maximize Θ, find the value of x that maximizes tan(Θ). Taking the derivative of tan(Θ) with respect to x and setting it equal to zero:

d/dx (tan(Θ)) = 5(52 - 26x) / (4(x - 13))² = 0

Solving for x:

x₀ = 26

Substituting x₀ into the expression for Θ:

Θ(x₀) = tan⁻¹(5(26) / 4(13)) = tan⁻¹(5/2)

Therefore, Θ(x) = tan⁻¹(5x / (4(x - 13))), and Θ is maximized when x₀ = 26.

Find out more on calculus here: https://brainly.com/question/24430269

#SPJ1

Answer this question soon

Answers

Answer:

CA - 144

AD - 98

ABD - 49

BC - 134

C - unsure

Step-by-step explanation:

If angle 3=61, what should angle 1 and angle 2 be?

Answers

Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:

so the entire angle sum is 180 degrees then subtract 61 from 180 and divide by 2. hope it helps :)

5. The population, P, of a city has grown according to the mathematical model P = 50 000(1.15), where t
is the number of years since 2005.
Using a graphing tool or by hand answer the questions below.
a) What was the population of the town in 2005?
I
b) In what year will the population exceed 100 000?

Answers

Answer: Therefore, the population will exceed 100,000 in the year 2005 + 10.73 ≈ 2016.

Step-by-step explanation:   a) The population of the town in 2005 is given by the formula, where t = 0 since 2005 is the starting year:

P = 50,000(1.15)^0 = 50,000

Therefore, the population of the town in 2005 was 50,000.

b) We need to find the value of t when the population P exceeds 100,000:

100,000 = 50,000(1.15)^t

Divide both sides by 50,000:

2 = 1.15^t

Take the natural logarithm of both sides:

ln 2 = ln (1.15^t)

Apply the power rule of logarithms:

ln 2 = t ln 1.15

Divide both sides by ln 1.15:

t = ln 2 / ln 1.15

Using a calculator, we get:

t ≈ 10.73

Simplify with steps. (Write each expression without using the absolute value symbol)
|x+3| if x>5​

Answers

The expression without the absolute value symbol is:

|x + 5| = x + 5, if x > 5

|x - 5| = 0, if x = 5

|x - 5| = 5 - x, if x < 5

Since, An expression contains one or more terms with addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

We always combine the like terms in an expression when we simplify.

We also keep all the like terms on one side of the expression if we are dealing with two sides of an expression.

Example:

1 + 3x + 4y = 7 is an expression.com

3 + 4 is an expression.

2 x 4 + 6 x 7 – 9 is an expression.

33 + 77 – 88 is an expression.

We have,

|(x + 3) | if x > 5

This can be written as,

= |x + 3|

Now,

|x + 5| = x + 5, if x > 5

|x - 5| = 0, if x = 5

|x - 5| = 5 - x, if x < 5

Thus,

The expression without the absolute value symbol is:

|x + 5| = x + 5, if x > 5

|x - 5| = 0, if x = 5

|x - 5| = 5 - x, if x < 5

Learn more about expressions here:

brainly.com/question/3118662

#SPJ1

Help with this pleaseee

Answers

The reduced form of the matrix is [tex]\begin{bmatrix}1 &-\frac{4}{7} &\frac{4}{7} \\0& 11& 79\end{bmatrix}[/tex]

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns. In linear algebra, matrices can be used to represent linear transformations and solve systems of linear equations.

In the given matrix, we need to perform a row operation to get a 1 in row 1, column 1. Row operations are operations performed on the rows of a matrix to transform it into another matrix that is equivalent in terms of solutions to a system of linear equations.

The three types of row operations are:

Swapping two rows.

Multiplying a row by a non-zero constant.

Adding a multiple of one row to another row.

To perform this row operation, we first multiply row 1 by 12 to get a multiple of 12 in the first column of row 1:

[tex]\begin{bmatrix}84 &-48 &96 \\-12& 7& -13\end{bmatrix}[/tex]

Next, we add row 1 to row 2 multiplied by 2 to get a 0 in column 1 of row 2:

[tex]\begin{bmatrix}84 &-48 &96 \\0& 11& 79\end{bmatrix}[/tex]

Finally, we can divide row 1 by 84 to get a 1 in row 1, column 1:

[tex]\begin{bmatrix}1 &-\frac{4}{7} &\frac{4}{7} \\0& 11& 79\end{bmatrix}[/tex]

Now we have a 1 in row 1, column 1, and the matrix is in row echelon form.

To know more about matrix here

https://brainly.com/question/28180105

#SPJ1

What is the slope intercept form of the equation y-5=-1/4(x-12)

Answers

Slope intercept form is y=mx+b.
Your first step would be to distribute the -1/4 to the numbers in the parenthesis.

You would then add the 5 over, giving you your answer:

Y=-1/4x+8

Perimeter=8x-6 find the missing side of triangle

Answers

Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:

I'm sorry, but there isn't enough information to solve for the missing side of a triangle with just the perimeter given as 8x-6. We would need at least one more piece of information, such as the lengths of the other sides or angles of the triangle.

A car pulls the emergency hand brake, accelerating at -4.0 m/s2 for 7.5 seconds to a complete and total stop. What was the initial velocity of the car before the brake was pulled?

Answers

The initial velocity of the car before the brake was pulled is 30m/s

What was the initial velocity of the car before the brake was pulled?

From the question, we have the following parameters that can be used in our computation:

A car pulls the emergency hand brake, accelerating at -4.0 m/s2 for 7.5 seconds

This means that

Acceleration = -4.0m/s^2

Time = 7.5 seconds

Using the above as a guide, we have the following:

Initial velocity = -Acceleration  * Time

substitute the known values in the above equation, so, we have the following representation

Initial velocity = 4  * 7.5

Evaluate

Initial velocity = 30

Hence, the initial velocity is 30

Read more about velocity at

https://brainly.com/question/25749514

#SPJ1

If a coin is flipped five times the probability of getting heads all five times is ______. Mark all that are true.

Answers

Answer: 1/2, the same as getting tails 5 times

Step-by-step explanation:

hope this helps

Which expression is equivalent to 5/4x +33-2+2

Answers

The expression that is equivalent to 5/4x +33-2+2 is 5x + 132/4. Option C

How to determine the value

It is important to note that algebraic expressions are defined as expressions that consists of factors, variables, constants, coefficients and terms.

These expressions are also made up of arithmetic operations.

These operations are listed as;

AdditionBracketParenthesesMultiplicationDivisionSubtraction

From the information given, we have that;

5/4x +33-2+2

Add or subtract the values

5/4x + 33

Find the LCM, we have;

5x + 132/4

Learn about algebraic expressions at: https://brainly.com/question/4344214

#SPJ1

Complete question:

Which expression is equivalent to 5/4x +33-2+2

5x + 132

6x + 132/4

5x + 132/4

6x + 132

Use a net to find the surface area of the prism.

A. 469 in.2

B. 315 in.2

C. 539 in.2

D. 784 in.2

Answers

Answer:

2(1/2)(11)(7) + 11(14) + 14(8) + 14(9) = 469 in.^2

The correct answer is A.

g(x)=2x
h(x)=x^(2)+4
evaluate for g(h(-8))

Answers

The value of the function is 136

How to determine the function

It is important that we note that functions are described as expressions that are used to explain the relationship between two variables.

From the information given, we have that;

g(x)=2x

h(x)=x^(2)+4

To determine the composite function, we would need to substitute the value of h(-8) as x in the function g(x)

Then, we have that;

h(-8) = (-8)^2 + 4

Find the values

h(-8) = 68

Now, substitute the value as x , we have that;

g(h(-8)) = 2(68)

expand the bracket and multiply

g(h(-8)) = 136

Learn about functions at: https://brainly.com/question/11624077

#SPJ1

If the dealership you are buying the car from is offering 6.3% interest on a 5 year loan, what will your monthly payment be? How am I able to solve this when the selling price is $56,937.

Answers

Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:

To calculate the monthly payment on a loan, you can use the formula for the monthly payment on an annuity: P = (r * PV) / (1 - (1 + r)^(-n)), where P is the monthly payment, r is the monthly interest rate, PV is the present value of the loan (i.e., the amount borrowed), and n is the total number of monthly payments.

In this case, the amount borrowed is $56,937 and the interest rate is 6.3% per year. To convert this to a monthly interest rate, we divide by 12: r = 0.063 / 12 = 0.00525. The loan term is 5 years, so the total number of monthly payments is n = 5 * 12 = 60.

Substituting these values into our formula for the monthly payment, we get: P = (0.00525 * 56937) / (1 - (1 + 0.00525)^(-60)) ≈ $1102.53. So, the monthly payment on this loan would be approximately $1102.53.

Work out the largest integer value that x could take if
x+7<13

Answers

Answer:

The answer is going to 5

Step-by-step explanation:

I hope this helps you

7. The towns of Washington, Franklin, and Springfield are
connected by straight roads. The towns wish to build an
airport to be shared by all of them.
a. Where should they build the airport if they want it to be the same distance from
each town's center? Describe how to find the precise location.
b. Where should they build the airport if they want it to be the same distance from
each of the roads connecting the towns? Describe how to find the precise
location.
They should build the airport at the
They should build the airport at the
n be found by locating the intersection of at least
which can be found by locating the intersection of a
a circumcenter
medians

Answers

a. To build the airport at the same distance from the center of each town, they should locate the intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the segments connecting each pair of towns. The precise location of the airport will be the point where these perpendicular bisectors intersect. This point will be equidistant from the center of each town.

b. To build the airport at the same distance from each road connecting the towns, they should locate the intersection of the angle bisectors of the angles formed by the roads at each town. The precise location of the airport will be the point where these angle bisectors intersect. This point will be equidistant from each road connecting the towns.

Alternatively, they could locate the intersection of the medians of the triangle formed by the three towns. The medians are the segments connecting each vertex of the triangle with the midpoint of the opposite side. The precise location of the airport will be the point where these medians intersect, which is also the centroid of the triangle. This point will be equidistant from each of the three towns.

A pet store has 10 ​puppies, including 3 ​poodles, 3 ​terriers, and 4 retrievers. If Rebecka and​ Aaron, in that​ order, each select one puppy at random without​ replacement, find the probability that Aaron selects a​ retriever, given that Rebecka selects a poodle.

Answers

P(both poodle) = (3/10)(3/10) = 9/100

Answer: The probability of choosing the same puppy is 9/100

13pi/6 terminal point

Answers

The terminal point of 13π/6 is (-√3/2, 1/2) by using unit circle.

What are the quadrants of a graph?

The quadrants of a graph are the four sections that divide the coordinate plane. The quadrants are numbered in a counterclockwise direction starting from the positive x-axis.

1. Quadrant I is located in the upper-right section and contains points with positive x and y-coordinates.

2. Quadrant II is located in the upper-left section and contains points with negative x-coordinates and positive y-coordinates.

3. Quadrant III is located in the lower-left section and contains points with negative x and y-coordinates.

4. Quadrant IV is located in the lower-right section and contains points with positive x-coordinates and negative y-coordinates.

The quadrants are useful for determining the signs of coordinates, angles, and for plotting points on a graph.

To find the terminal point of 13π/6, we can start by recognizing that this angle is greater than 2π, which is one complete revolution around the unit circle.

To bring the angle back within one revolution, we can subtract 2π, which gives us 13π/6 - 2π/1 = 13π/6 - 12π/6 = 1π/6.

The angle 1π/6 is in the standard position between the positive x-axis and the first quadrant. The reference angle is π/6, which is the angle between the terminal side and the x-axis.

Since the angle is in the 2nd quadrant, the x-coordinate will be negative and the y-coordinate will be positive. Using the unit circle, we can find the values of sine and cosine at π/6 and then negate the value of cosine since the angle is in the second quadrant.

cos(π/6) = √3/2

sin(π/6) = 1/2

Therefore, the terminal point of 13π/6 is (-√3/2, 1/2).

To know more about quadrants visit:

brainly.com/question/7196312

#SPJ9

find - 4 - 2 1/2 expression on the number line by drawing an arrow

Answers

The resulting arrow should end at -6 1/2. This is because -4 - 2 1/2 is equal to -6 1/2.

In mathematics, an expression is a combination of numbers, variables, and operators that can be evaluated to produce a value. Expressions can be simple or complex and are used to represent mathematical relationships and operations.

How to determine the expression?

To find -4 - 2 1/2 expression on the number line by drawing an arrow, we need to start at -4 and then move left by 2 1/2 units.

To do this, we can draw an arrow starting at -4 and then mark off 2 1/2 units to the left. One way to represent 2 1/2 units is to divide the space between -4 and -5 into two equal parts, and then mark off one of those parts.

The resulting arrow should end at -6 1/2. This is because -4 - 2 1/2 is equal to -6 1/2.

Here's an example of what the arrow would look like:

To know more about expression

brainly.com/question/14083225

#SPJ1

pls solve thank u
100 points for answer

Answers

Hence, the darkened sector covers an area of roughly [tex]10.55 km^2[/tex] as circle's radius is 7 km, and the shaded sector's central angle is 154 degrees .

what is radius ?

The radii of a circle in geometry is the separation between any two points on the circle's circumference. It is frequently used to describe how far apart two points are. One of a circle's most crucial characteristics is its radius, which is taken into account when calculating a circle's circumference, area, and diameter. The distance around a circle that passes through its centre, or its diameter, is equal to half of its radius. Other shapes like spheres, cylindrical, and cones can also be described using the radius. The radius here means the distance from the shape's centre to any point on its perimeter.

given

The following formula must be used to determine a sector's area:

A = (θ/360)[tex]\pi r^2[/tex]

where r is the circle's radius, is pi, or roughly 3.14, and is the sector's centre angle, expressed in degrees.

The circle's radius is 7 km, and the shaded sector's central angle is 154 degrees, according to the provided figure. When these values are added to the formula, we obtain:

[tex]A = (154/360)\pi (7)^2[/tex]

[tex]= 10.55 km^2[/tex]

Hence, the darkened sector covers an area of roughly [tex]10.55 km^2[/tex] as circle's radius is 7 km, and the shaded sector's central angle is 154 degrees .

To know more about radius visit:

https://brainly.com/question/28946570

#SPJ1

The complete question is:-  

154 degree

7 km

Find the area of the shaded sector.

A = __ km2

Chandra needs to make 3 gallons of punch how many cups of strawberry are needed

Answers

The number of cups of frozen strawberries that are needed to make 3 gallons of punch is equal to 48 cups.

How to solve

In this exercise, you're required to determine the number of cups of frozen strawberries that are needed to make 3 gallons of punch.

Thus, we would apply direct proportion.

Note: There are 16 cups of frozen strawberries in a gallon.

By direct proportion:

16 cups = 1 gallon

X cups = 3 gallons

Cross-multiplying, we have:

X = 16 × 3

X = 48 cups of frozen strawberries.

Read more about direct proportion here;

https://brainly.com/question/1266676

#SPJ1

In the xy-plane, what is the y-intercept of the graph of the equation y=6(x-1/2)(x+3)?

Answers

Answer:

The y-intercept of the graph of the equation is -9. This means that the graph crosses the y-axis at the point (0, -9).

Step-by-step explanation:

To solve this question, we need to plug in x = 0 into the given equation and simplify. We get:

y = 6(0 - 1/2)(0 + 3) y = 6(-1/2)(3) y = -9

Therefore, the y-intercept of the graph of the equation is -9. This means that the graph crosses the y-axis at the point (0, -9).

If h = 7 feet, and r = 2 feet, then what is the volume of the cylinder? (Use = 3.14.)

Answers

Answer: 87.964594300514 feet3 or 87.96 feet3

Step-by-step explanation:

πr^2 h

=  π×2^2×7

=  28π

=  87.964594300514 feet3

Maria has 56 flower seeds. She wants to put an equal amount of seeds into 8 bags How many seeds will go in each bag?

Answers

Answer:

7 seeds will go into each bag

Given:

56 flower seeds need to be put into 8 separate bags.

To find out how much go into each bag you will divide the number of seeds by the number of bags

56/8=7

So 7 seeds will go into each of the 8 bags

please help me with this question thank you

Answers

The difference between the adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) and the  fixed-rate mortgage is $176,494.80.

How to find the difference ?

First, find the total amount paid on the adjustable-rate mortgage would be :
= ( 5 years x 12 months x 2, 506.43 payment ) + ( 10 x 12 x 3, 059. 46 ) + ( 5 x 12 x 3, 646.76) + ( 5 x 12 x 3, 630.65 )

=  $ 1, 172, 971. 20

Then we can find the total payment for the fixed - rate mortgage :

= Monthly payment x Number of years

= 2, 767. 99 x 30 years x 12 months

= $ 996, 476. 40

The difference is:

= 1, 172, 971.20 - 996, 476. 40

= $ 176,494. 80.

Find out more on adjustable rate mortgage at https://brainly.com/question/31658830

#SPJ1

a) Close the following accounts. 9

K. Emmanuel

$

2020

$

640

360

2020

800

Feb. 10 Bank Cash

25

200

Feb. 1 15

Sales Sales

J. Amaze

$

$

2020

2020

260 1090

1350

Mar. 12

Returns inwards

Mar4

Sales

18

Bank

Z. Ventour

2020

$

2020

$

May 13

Cash

518

May 10

Purchases

518

FSampath

2020

$

2020

July 14 22

Returns outwards

Bank

$

220

July 3

Purchases Purchases

8

25

Bank

800

1500

830

350

Answers

Answer:

I dont know the answer I dont know  what it is I just needed points bye

Step-by-step explanation:

​7 centimeters = ​
millimeters

Answers

Answer: 7 centimeters equals 70 millimeters :)

Eight percent of all college graduates hired by companies stay with the same company for more than five years. The probability, rounded to four decimal places, that in a random sample of 14 such college graduates hired recently by companies, exactly 2 will stay with the same company for more than five years is _?_.

Answers

P(X=2) &= {14\choose 2}(0.08)^2(0.92)^{12} \

&= \frac{14!}{2!(14-2)!}(0.08)^2(0.92)^{12} \

[tex]\sf\implies\:&=\frac{14\times13}{2\times1}(0.08)^2(0.92)^{12}[/tex]

&= 91(0.08)^2(0.92)^{12} \

&\approx \boxed{0.2166

[tex]\begin{align}\huge\colorbox{black}{\textcolor{yellow}{\boxed{\sf{I\: hope\: this\: helps !}}}}\end{align}[/tex]

[tex]\begin{align}\colorbox{black}{\textcolor{white}{\underline{\underline{\sf{Please\: mark\: as\: brillinest !}}}}}\end{align}[/tex]

[tex]\textcolor{lime}{\small\textit{If you have any further questions, feel free to ask!}}[/tex]

[tex]\huge{\bigstar{\underline{\boxed{\sf{\color{red}{Sumit\:Roy}}}}}}\\[/tex]

Other Questions
how many periods are there in a periodic table of elements Scenario: learning the americas' way the newly-formed countries that emerged after the break-up of the united frontier states (ufs) are interested in learning more about integration in the americas. because the former ufs nations have many similarities with the countries of north and south america, they believe they can learn from the integration experience in the americas. to that end, they pose the following questions. bolivia, colombia, ecuador, and peru belong to the ________. The volume of a juice box is about 24 cubic inches. which equations have the same solution0.3=x-5/131.2=x-0.8/40.4=x-1.2/80.9=x-0.1/5 Find the average rate of change of g(x)= 4x^2+3 on the interval [-4,1] Light-dependent reactions convert light energy to chemical energy in which form? is perpendicular to and passes through point C(5, 12).If the coordinates of A and B are (-10, -3) and (7, 14), respectively, the x-intercept of is . The point lies on . The gas inside of neon signs is kept at extremely low pressures (27. 0 torr). While the sign is on the 1. 075 x 10-4 moles of gas reaches a temperature of 42. 6 C. What volume of gas is in the sign? Imagine that you live in a small country that has recently gained independence from a large country. Your country is struggling to change in ways that bring more freedom to your citizens. Independence has been difficult, however. Many people have concluded life was better under the large country's rule. Do you agree? Explain your response with 3-4 sentences. Whose interests did william armory underhill represent as a lobbyist? college professors florida citrus growers florida crackers nasa astronauts Find the permineter of the square. leave answers in simplified radical form and label with correct units. please answer the question attached brainliest to however answers first. Which statement defines financial investment?A. It is the network that facilitates the exchange of funds.B. It is the buying and selling of financial assets.C. It is the buying of capital goods.D. It is the expected earnings an investment yields for the investor. 6.7 times 10 to the power of 8 order of operations with scientific notation A magazine provided results from a poll of 15001500 adults who were asked to identify their favorite pie. Among the 15001500 respondents, 1414% chose chocolate pie and the margin of error was given as plus or minus 33 percentage points.a. What values do ^p^, ^q^, n, E, and p represent?b. If the confidence level is 9999%, what is the value of ? The function (job) of the carbohydrate chains attached to the cell membrane is:a:assist in diffusion.b: assist in cell to cell identification (name tag of the cell).c: maintain membrane fluidity. What is the magnitude of the force in coulomb's law when one of the charge is double How much will the monthly payment be for a new car priced at $29,950 if the current finance rate is 36 months at 3. 16%? Include financing the 8% TT&L and make a 25% down payment. I need the answer fast!! Give a Multi-Paragraph Explanation on what "Daylong Efforts to Repair Levee Fail" is about. Alice is going to her primary care physician to get vaccinated. Which is a reason that Alice should choose to get vaccinated?Vaccination reduces the chance of ever getting sick.Vaccination prevents pathogens from entering the body.Vaccination helps keep those who cannot be vaccinated safe.Vaccination increases the chance that pathogens will be effective.