A partnership that is based on contracts between companies is referred to as a Non-equity alliance. Therefore, the correct option is option 1.
Non-equity alliance is a strategic partnership in which companies collaborate with each other, but they do not invest in each other's equity. A non-equity alliance is a strategic alliance between firms, consisting of formal or informal contractual agreements but not involving any exchange of ownership.
It is a collaboration of companies for the purpose of a strategic goal and it may involve different types of arrangements, such as shared use of facilities, intellectual property, or distribution networks, research and development partnerships, and product development.
Therefore, Non-equity alliances can be formed for any length of time and for any purpose that the partners believe will bring benefits to their businesses. For example, two companies may form a non-equity alliance to develop a new product, share R&D costs, or use each other's distribution network, all while maintaining independent ownership. Hence, the correct answer is option 1.
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Bau Long-Haul, Inc., is considering the purchase of a tractor-trailer that would cost $296,426, would have a useful life of 7 years, and would have no salvage value. The tractor-trailer would be used in the company's hauling business, resulting in additional net cash inflows of $84,500 per year. The internal rate of return on the investment in the tractor-trailer is closest to (Ignore income taxes.):
In this case, the investment is made in the form of purchasing a tractor-trailer that will be used in the company's hauling business.
The total cost of the investment is given to be $296,426. It is a one-time cost with no additional costs incurred in future years. The tractor-trailer is expected to have a useful life of 7 years. There is no salvage value expected at the end of its useful life. The net cash inflows resulting from this investment are given to be $84,500 per year.Therefore, the internal rate of return on the investment in the tractor-trailer is closest to 15%.Calculation of internal rate of return (IRR):Internal rate of return is defined as the rate at which the present value of all cash inflows equals the initial cost of investment. In other words, it is the discount rate that makes the net present value of the investment equal to zero.Net present value (NPV) = Present value of cash inflows - Initial cost of investmentWhere, NPV = 0 and cash inflows are uniform.Using the formula of the present value of an annuity,PV of cash inflows = Cash inflow x [1 - (1+r)^-n] / rwhere, r = discount rate, n = number of yearsFor the given data, the calculation of internal rate of return is as follows:Initial cost of investment = $296,426Cash inflow per year = $84,500Number of years = 7 yearsUsing a financial calculator or excel formula, the internal rate of return (IRR) is found to be 15%.Hence, the internal rate of return on the investment in the tractor-trailer is closest to 15%.
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When an allocation is changed and someone becomes better-off, then we can call this a Pareto-Improvement, so long as A. No one is worse-off B. All other parties become better-off C. Someone else is made worse-off D. All other parties become worse-off
When an allocation is changed and someone becomes better-off, we can call this a Pareto-Improvement, as long as no one is worse-off (Option A)
A Pareto-Improvement refers to a change in the allocation of resources that results in at least one individual being better off without making anyone else worse off. In other words, it is a situation where it is possible to improve the well-being of at least one person without causing harm to others.
The correct option is A because it states that no one is worse-off. This condition is essential for a change to be considered a Pareto-Improvement. If someone becomes better off, but someone else becomes worse off (Option C), it would not be considered a Pareto-Improvement. Similarly, if all other parties become better off (Option B), it does not necessarily guarantee that no one is worse off.
In the context of a Pareto-Improvement, the condition that must be satisfied is that no one is worse off when an allocation is changed and someone becomes better off. This criterion distinguishes a Pareto-Improvement from scenarios where others may be made worse off or where only some parties benefit without ensuring the well-being of all individuals involved
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do you need the inflation rate to calculate real effective exchange rate? If interest rates in the UK where higher than in the US and Europe what would you expect to happen to the Pound relative to the Dollar or Euro and can you explain why?
Yes, the inflation rate is a necessary component for calculating the real effective exchange rate.
If interest rates in the UK were higher than in the US and Europe, we would expect the Pound to strengthen relative to the Dollar or Euro. This is because higher interest rates tend to attract foreign investors seeking better returns on their investments. The increased demand for the Pound would lead to an appreciation of its value against other currencies.
To calculate the real effective exchange rate, you need the nominal exchange rate and the inflation rates of the respective currencies involved. The real effective exchange rate reflects the value of a currency adjusted for inflation and trade weights against a basket of other currencies.
The formula for calculating the real effective exchange rate is:
Real Effective Exchange Rate = Nominal Exchange Rate × (Foreign Inflation Rate / Domestic Inflation Rate)
If interest rates in the UK were higher than in the US and Europe, it would attract foreign investors who would need to convert their currencies into Pounds to invest in the UK. This increased demand for the Pound would lead to an appreciation in its value relative to the Dollar or Euro, assuming all other factors remain constant.
Higher interest rates in the UK indicate a stronger economy or a higher risk premium, making UK assets more attractive to foreign investors. As they purchase UK assets, they would need to buy Pounds, increasing the demand for the currency and causing its value to rise.
If interest rates in the UK were higher than in the US and Europe, we would expect the Pound to strengthen relative to the Dollar or Euro. This is due to increased demand for the Pound from foreign investors seeking higher returns. However, it's important to consider that exchange rates are influenced by multiple factors, and other economic variables, such as economic growth, trade balances, political stability, and market sentiment, can also impact currency movements. Therefore, while higher interest rates may generally lead to currency appreciation, it's crucial to consider the broader economic context when analyzing exchange rate dynamics.
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economies are economies of scale that occur when the physical processes inside a firm are enhanced so that the same amounts of input produce a higher quantity of outputs, like investing in the robotics upgrade in Glo-Bus. Vertical Technical O Diversification O Monetary
The type of economy of scale that occurs when the physical processes inside a firm are enhanced so that the same amounts of input produce a higher quantity of outputs is known as technical economies of scale.
Technical economies of scale occur when a firm is able to produce more output per unit of input by using more efficient production methods or technologies. For example, investing in robotics upgrades in Glo-Bus can enhance the production process within the firm, reducing labor costs and time involved in production.
This increase in efficiency leads to a decrease in average total costs, as the fixed costs are spread over a larger level of output. This increase in efficiency results in the firm being able to produce more output at lower costs per unit.
For instance, if Glo-Bu's investment in robotics technology increased the productivity output from producing 5,000 units to 10,000 units using the same amount of equipment and labor, this would result in a reduction of their average total costs.
If their total costs before the upgrade were £100,000 for 5,000 units, then the average cost per unit would be £20. But after the upgraded investment, their total costs increased to £120,000 for a production of 10,000 units, which resulted in a decrease in the average cost per unit, which would be around £12.
Overall, the technical economies of scale play a crucial role in increasing the production efficiency of a firm, thereby reducing the average total cost per unit, which subsequently helps the firm to gain a competitive edge in the market. Investing in robotics upgrades in Glo-Bus helps the firm to achieve better and more efficient production, which increases productivity while reducing costs. This improvement in production efficiency helps Glo-Bus to achieve economies of scale, which ultimately benefits the firm.
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You're trying to save to buy a new $210,000 Mazarati. You have $35,000 today that can be invested at your bank. The bank pays 4.2 percent annual interest on its accounts.
How long will it be before you have enough to buy the car? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
Length of time____years
It will take approximately 15.63 years to save enough money to buy the Mazarati.
To determine the length of time it will take to save enough money to buy the Mazarati, we can use the future value formula for compound interest.
Let "t" represent the number of years it takes to save enough money.
The initial amount is $35,000, and the goal is to accumulate $210,000.
Future Value = Present Value × (1 + interest rate)^time
$210,000 = $35,000 × (1 + 0.042)^t
Dividing both sides by $35,000:
6 = (1.042)^t
To isolate "t," we can take the logarithm (base 10 or natural logarithm) of both sides:
log(6) = log(1.042)^t
Using logarithmic properties, we can bring down the exponent:
log(6) = t × log(1.042)
Finally, divide both sides by log(1.042):
t = log(6) / log(1.042)
Using a calculator, we find that t ≈ 15.63.
Therefore, it will take approximately 15.63 years to save enough money to buy the Mazarati.
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Takeaways Food Station has a total end-of-year asset of $17.25 million in 2020. Due to movement control order (MCO) they expect to have a reduction of 15% of an annual total asset this year. Due to MCO also they have closed for five weeks. This year also, their first six months of the year inventory was $825,000 and second six months show an increment of 15% from the first six month. The company’s annual cost of goods sold was $24.0 million. Calculate the following questions:
a. Inventory turnover b. Days of supply c. Weeks of supply d. Percentage invested in inventory
a. Inventory Turnover: 24.84.
b. Days of Supply: 14.71 days. c. Weeks of Supply: 2.1 weeks. d. Percentage Invested in Inventory: 5.59%.
a. Inventory Turnover:
It is calculated as the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) divided by the Average Inventory.
In this case, COGS is $24.0 million and Average Inventory is ($825,000 + $825,000 × 1.15)/2 = $965,625.
Inventory Turnover = COGS / Average Inventory= $24.0 million / $965,625= 24.84
b. Days of Supply: It is calculated as the inverse of Inventory Turnover multiplied by the number of days in the year. Days of Supply = (365 days × 1) / Inventory Turnover
Days of Supply = 14.71 days
c. Weeks of Supply: The Weeks of Supply can be calculated by dividing the Days of Supply by 7.
Weeks of Supply = Days of Supply / 7= 2.1 weeks
d. Percentage Invested in Inventory:
The percentage Invested in Inventory is calculated as Average Inventory divided by Total Assets multiplied by 100.
Percentage Invested in Inventory = (Average Inventory / Total Assets) × 100
Percentage Invested in Inventory = ($965,625 / $17.25 million) × 100
Percentage Invested in Inventory = 5.59%
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Which of the following is a determinant of supply? Consumer tastes or preferences The prices of the factors of production Income Number of buyers
A leftward shift of the market demand curve for HDTVs, ceteris paribus, causes equilibrium price to: Increase and quantity to decrease. Decrease and quantity to decrease. Increase and quantity to increase. Decrease and quantity to increase.
"Demand" is a statement of actual purchases. True False
Assume peanut butter and jolly are complements. Ceteris paribus, an increase in the price of peanut butter will cause the equilibrium price for jelly to: Increase and the equilibrium quantity of jelly to decrease Increase and the equilibrium quantity of jelly to increase. Decrease and the equilibrium quantity of jolly to decrease. Decrease and the equilibrium quantity of jelly to increase
A determinant of supply is a factor or force that influences the amount of a product or service that a firm is willing and able to supply into the market.
An increase in the number of buyers will raise the demand for the product in question, and this will, in turn, stimulate supply by the manufacturer. When the demand curve of a good or service shifts to the left, it implies that the demand has decreased. In economics, the term leftward shift refers to a scenario where there is a reduction in the demand for a good or service for one reason or another.
Ceteris paribus implies that everything remains constant except the factor that caused the shift in demand. Happens when the market demand curve shifts leftward In this case, the quantity demanded at every price point is less than the initial quantity demanded.
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To a manager, a doctor trying to see more patients in a day or a software engineer writing a lot of code in an hour are examples of: a Success b Efficiency c Effectiveness
To a manager, a doctor trying to see more patients in a day, or a software engineer writing a lot of code in an hour are examples of b) Efficiency.
Efficiency refers to the ability to accomplish tasks or goals with minimum waste of resources, time, or effort. It focuses on maximizing output or results while minimizing input or resources. In the given examples, both the doctor and the software engineer are striving to accomplish more within a given time frame, indicating an emphasis on efficiency. While success and effectiveness are also important concepts, they have slightly different meanings. Success generally refers to achieving desired outcomes or goals, while effectiveness refers to the degree to which objectives are met or results are obtained. While efficiency contributes to success and effectiveness, it specifically highlights the optimal use of resources to achieve goals in an efficient manner.
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TRUE / FALSE. Identify the each statement below as either true or false. 1. Costs per job are computed in both job order and process costing systems. 2. Job order costing measures unit costs upon completion of a job. 3. Process costing uses several Work in Process Inventory accounts. 4. Both job order and process operations combine materials, labor, and overhead in producing products. False True
Costs per job are computed in both job order and process costing systems. True: In both job order costing and process costing systems, costs are computed on a per-job basis. However, the method and level of detail may differ between the two systems. In job order costing, costs are accumulated for each specific job or order, while in process costing, costs are accumulated for each process or department.
Job order costing measures unit costs upon completion of a job. False: Job order costing measures unit costs as the job progresses, not necessarily upon completion. Costs are accumulated throughout the various stages of production, including materials, labor, and overhead, and are assigned to the job. The unit cost is calculated by dividing the total costs incurred for the job by the number of units produced. Process costing uses several Work in Process Inventory accounts . True: In process costing, which is used in industries such as chemical manufacturing or food processing, multiple Work in Process (WIP) Inventory accounts are used. These accounts represent the various stages or processes involved in production. Each process or department has its own WIP Inventory account, allowing for the accumulation of costs specific to that stage. Both job order and process operations combine materials, labor, and overhead in producing products.
True: Both job order costing and process costing systems involve the combination of materials, labor, and overhead in the production of products. Materials costs include the direct materials used in production, while labor costs include the direct labor hours or wages incurred. Overhead costs, such as indirect materials, indirect labor, and factory overhead expenses, are also included in the cost calculations in both systems. These costs are allocated or assigned to the respective jobs or processes to determine the total cost of production.
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ABC Hotels Plc has 128,000 shares outstanding. The expected earnings are £3.1 million for the upcoming year. Thereafter, it expects to earn £2.6 million each year. Estimate the share price for a required rate of return of 9%? Assume all earnings are paid as dividends.
The estimated share price for a required rate of return of 9% is £416.94.
The steps to calculate the share price for a required rate of return of 9% are given below:
Calculate the expected dividend for the upcoming year:
Expected dividend = Expected earnings / Shares outstanding= £3.1 million / 128,000= £24.22 per share
Calculate the expected price of the share after one year using Gordon’s growth model:
Gordon's growth model is given by;
P1 = D1 / (k - g)
where, P1 = Expected price of the share after one year, D1 = Expected dividend after one year, k = Required rate of return, and g = Growth rate of dividends for the foreseeable future.
We are given that the company expects to earn £2.6 million each year.
Since all earnings are paid as dividends, we can use this value as the growth rate of dividends for the foreseeable future.
g = Growth rate of dividends for the foreseeable future = £2.6 million / 128,000 shares= £20.31 per share
Putting values in Gordon’s growth model,
P1 = D1 / (k - g)= £24.22 / (0.09 - 0.031875)= £24.22 / 0.058125
= £416.94 (rounded off to two decimal places)
Therefore, the estimated share price for a required rate of return of 9% is £416.94.
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Problem #1: As a consultant for a cotton industry, you are tasked to make a market analysis in Tidewater area. Describe in detail the concrete steps and types of information you are going to provide to the company. (3 pts.)
To make a market analysis, one needs to define the problem, gather data, analyze the data, identify key findings and present the results.
As a consultant for a cotton industry, the following are the concrete steps that I would take and types of information I would provide to the company for a market analysis in Tidewater area:
Step 1: Define the problem- I would first identify the problem that the company wants to solve, which is to gain a better understanding of the Tidewater area market. In doing so, I would narrow down the company's objectives and the specific market they intend to analyze.
Step 2: Gather Data- I would then proceed to gather data from various sources such as industry reports, customer feedback, interviews, and data from competitors. I would also identify potential customers and market segments within the Tidewater area and gather data on their needs and preferences.
Step 3: Analyze the Data- Once data has been collected, I would analyze it using various statistical and analytical tools to identify patterns and trends. This would involve the comparison of the company's products to those of competitors, market growth rates, demand, and supply trends. I would also identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to the company's products in the Tidewater area market.
Step 4: Identify Key Findings- Based on the analysis of the data, I would identify key findings such as market trends, target customers, and competitive advantages. This would enable the company to make informed decisions regarding pricing, product development, and marketing strategies.
Step 5: Present Results- I would then present the results of my analysis to the company in a concise and clear report. This would include recommendations on how to optimize the company's product offerings in the Tidewater area market, given the market trends and competitors.
This report would help the company to make informed business decisions. In summary, to make a market analysis, one needs to define the problem, gather data, analyze the data, identify key findings and present the results.
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The additional paid-in capital appears under the subsection in the balance sheet under stockholders' equity. O accumulated other comprehensive income O retained capital O paid-in capital O capital stock
The additional paid-in capital appears under the subsection in the balance sheet under stockholders' equity is paid-in capital.
The additional paid-in capital represents the equity that the shareholders have paid in excess of the par value of the stock. The total par value of a company's stock is always recorded in the "Capital Stock" section of the balance sheet.The paid-in capital is the portion of the money that a company has received from the investors or shareholders in exchange for the shares of stock. Paid-in capital can also be understood as the money paid by the shareholders to purchase the company's stock.The additional paid-in capital represents the portion of the money that is in excess of the par value of the stock. The additional paid-in capital appears under the subsection in the balance sheet under stockholders' equity. The paid-in capital that is reported in the balance sheet of the company is the sum of the par value of all the shares issued by the company and the amount of the additional paid-in capital that was received by the company. The correct option is paid-in capital.
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1. Medium and long-term lending takes the form of different types of loans. Identify and describe 3 different types of loans more commonly provided through commercial sources or in collaboration with an export credit agency. 2. Project financing is a specific type of financing and is intended for certain circumstances. Briefly review this type of financing and how it differs from other forms of international lending.
Medium and long-term lending takes the form of various types of loans that provide commercial sources and export credit agencies. The three most common types of loans are working capital loans, equipment loans, and real estate loans. Additionally, project financing is a specific type of financing used for funding particular projects or assets.
1. Working capital loans: These loans provide businesses with cash flow to meet short-term financial needs such as payroll, inventory, and operational costs. They are typically unsecured and have a repayment period of 12-24 months. Working capital loans help businesses manage their day-to-day operations and ensure smooth functioning.
2. Equipment loans: These loans are specifically used to purchase equipment necessary for business operations. The equipment being purchased serves as collateral for the loan. The repayment period for equipment loans is typically 3-5 years, depending on the expected lifespan of the equipment. This type of loan allows businesses to acquire the necessary tools and machinery to support their operations.
3. Real estate loans: Real estate loans are long-term loans used for purchasing, renovating, or constructing property. These loans can have a repayment period ranging from 5 to 30 years, with fixed or variable interest rates. The property being purchased serves as collateral for the loan, and in case of default, the lender may take possession of the property. Real estate loans enable businesses to invest in property assets for their operations or investment purposes.
Project financing, on the other hand, is a specialized type of financing used for specific projects or assets. Unlike other forms of lending, project financing focuses on funding a particular venture, and repayment is based on the cash flow generated by the project itself. This method is distinct because it relies on the project's financial viability rather than solely on the borrower's creditworthiness.
Project financing involves creating a special purpose vehicle (SPV) to hold the project's assets and secure funding from investors. The investors are repaid using the project's cash flows, which are closely monitored and regulated by a third party. This financing method is commonly used for large-scale infrastructure projects that are expected to generate long-term revenue, such as power plants, highways, and airports.
Medium and long-term lending encompasses various types of loans, including working capital loans, equipment loans, and real estate loans, which cater to different business needs. Additionally, project financing is a specialized form of financing used for specific projects or assets, relying on the project's cash flow for repayment. Understanding these lending options allows businesses to choose the most suitable financing method for their requirements.
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what are the five basic areas of coverage on a homeowners insurance policy
The five basic areas of coverage on a homeowners insurance policy are dwelling-coverage, other structures coverage, personal property coverage, liability coverage, and additional living expenses coverage.
1. Dwelling coverage: This provides protection for the physical structure of your home, including the walls, roof, floors, and built-in appliances, against covered perils such as fire, windstorms, and vandalism. It helps cover the cost of repairing or rebuilding your home if it is damaged or destroyed.
2. Other structures coverage: This covers structures on your property that are not attached to your main dwelling, such as detached garages, sheds, fences, or guesthouses. It provides protection against similar perils as dwelling coverage.
3. Personal property coverage: This protects your personal belongings, such as furniture, electronics, clothing, and appliances, against covered perils both inside and outside your home. If your belongings are damaged, stolen, or destroyed, this coverage helps with the cost of replacement or repair.
4. Liability coverage: This provides financial protection if someone is injured on your property or if you cause damage to someone else's property. It helps cover legal fees, medical expenses, and potential lawsuits that may arise from such incidents.
5. Additional living expenses coverage: Also known as loss of use coverage, this covers the additional expenses you may incur if your home becomes uninhabitable due to a covered peril. It helps with costs such as temporary accommodations, meals, and transportation while your home is being repaired or rebuilt.
The five basic areas of coverage on a homeowners insurance policy are dwelling coverage, other structures coverage, personal property coverage, liability coverage, and additional living expenses coverage. These coverage areas help protect homeowners from various risks and provide financial support in case of damage, loss, or liability incidents. It is essential for homeowners to review their policy to ensure they have adequate coverage in each of these areas based on their specific needs and circumstances.
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Question 18 (5 points) Farmer Co. is considering two projects S and L. whose cash flows are shown below. These two projects are mutually exclusive and equally risky Which of the following statement is correct" A. Both projects should be invested because both projects have positive NPV. B. Project I should be invested because it has a larger NPV. C. Project S should be invested because it has a shorter payback period D. Project L should be invested because it has a shorter discounted payback period. E. None of the above is correct. WACC: 10.25% 3 Year CFS $500 $800 $400 CFL $800 $800 $1.000 0 $950 -$2.100
The correct statement among the given options is E. None of the above is correct.
To determine the correct statement, we need to evaluate the net present value (NPV), which takes into account the time value of money by discounting cash flows using the weighted average cost of capital (WACC).
Calculating the NPV for both projects, we find:
For Project S: NPV =[tex]$500/(1+0.1025)^1 + $800/(1+0.1025)^2 + $400/(1+0.1025)^3 - Initial Investment = $1,204.37 - $950 = $254.37[/tex].
For Project L:[tex]NPV = $800/(1+0.1025)^1 + $800/(1+0.1025)^2 + $1,000/(1+0.1025)^3 - Initial Investment = $2,067.14 - $2,100 = -$32.86.[/tex]
Based on the NPV analysis, both projects have positive NPVs, but Project S has a higher NPV than Project L. However, this does not necessarily mean that Project S should be chosen. Other factors such as the payback period should also be considered.
The payback period represents the time required to recoup the initial investment. Project S has a payback period of 2 years ($950 + $1,204.37 = $2,154.37), while Project L has a payback period of 3 years ($2,100 + $2,067.14 = $4,167.14). Therefore, Project S has a shorter payback period, contradicting option C.
Similarly, the discounted payback period, which considers the time value of money, also does not support option D. Therefore, the correct statement is E. None of the above is correct. The decision should be based on a comprehensive evaluation of both financial metrics and qualitative factors.
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A student, Stan, decides to set up a business. He plans on selling candy that he makes in a market stall. He has $400 to invest in the business. Stan has a cousin Jielin who also wants to sell candy, but lielin does not know how to make candy but has $1000 to contribute to the business. Jielin also has a table, worth $200 which she contributes to the business, which will be used to display the candy at the market. Stan's parents also lend the business $3,000 to start the business, so they can buy cocoa to make the candy. Answer the following questions in the spaces provided below. 1. What business structure would be most appropriate for this venture? (1 mark) 2. Do you think the business should have a separate Bank account? Explain your answer. (2 marks) 3. Do you believe their business would be a service business, a manufacturing business or a merchandising business, or a combination of these? State the answer/s (2 marks) 4 4. In the first year of operation, the business makes $700 profit, how would they share the profit? (Provide the dollar amount/s.) (2 marks) 5. After a year of operation, the business has losses of $1,000 and debts of $3,000 (which was the initial loan). It is decided to liquidate the business. They sell the remaining candy and the table for $600, which is used to partially pay back the loan. Who would be responsible for the remainder of the loan? Indicate who this would be and how much they would be responsible for?
In this scenario, Stan and Jielin are setting up a candy-selling business with different contributions and resources. The appropriate business structure would depend on various factors such as legal requirements and personal preferences.
Establishing a separate bank account for the business is recommended to maintain financial transparency and track business transactions. The business can be classified as a combination of manufacturing and merchandising, as Stan and Jielin will be making the candy and selling it through their market stall. Profit sharing would depend on their initial agreements, but it can be divided based on the capital contributions or in any mutually agreed-upon manner. In the event of liquidation with remaining debts, the responsibility for the remainder of the loan would need to be determined based on the terms of the loan agreement and any personal guarantees provided.
1. The most appropriate business structure for this venture could be a partnership. A partnership would allow Stan and Jielin to pool their resources, skills, and contributions while sharing profits and losses based on their agreed-upon terms. It is important for them to consider legal requirements and seek professional advice to ensure compliance with local regulations.
2. Yes, it is advisable for the business to have a separate bank account. Having a dedicated business account helps maintain clear financial records, enables easier tracking of income and expenses, and separates business finances from personal finances. This separation is crucial for financial transparency and simplifies tax reporting.
3. The business can be considered a combination of manufacturing and merchandising. Stan and Jielin will engage in manufacturing by making the candy, and they will also be involved in merchandising by selling the candy through their market stall.
4. The distribution of profits would depend on their initial agreement. They could allocate profits based on their capital contributions or any other mutually agreed-upon arrangement. For example, if they agreed to share profits equally, each would receive $350 ($700/2).
5. In the event of liquidation with remaining debts, the responsibility for the remainder of the loan would depend on the terms of the loan agreement and any personal guarantees provided. If the loan was taken by the business entity, the responsibility for the remainder would generally lie with the business itself. However, if any personal guarantees were provided by Stan, Jielin, or their parents, they might be held personally responsible for the remaining loan amount. The exact amount for which they would be responsible would depend on the remaining debt after using the $600 from the sale of assets to partially pay back the loan.
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the higher the reserve requirement, the lower is the monetary multiplier. T OR F
True.The statement "the higher the reserve requirement, the lower is the monetary multiplier" is true. Reserve requirements refer to the portion of the deposits that the banks must keep in reserve rather than loaning it out to consumers.
The monetary multiplier is the effect that changes in the money supply have on the overall economy. A high reserve requirement lowers the multiplier, which means that the money supply increases at a slower rate.
Therefore, it can be said that a higher reserve requirement will reduce the money supply and, as a result, the money multiplier. A lower reserve requirement will increase the money supply and, as a result, the money multiplier.
In conclusion, the statement "the higher the reserve requirement, the lower is the monetary multiplier" is true. This is because reserve requirements and the monetary multiplier are inversely related.
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Summit Builders has a market debt-equity ratio of 0.75 and a
corporate tax rate of 21%,and it pays 9% interest on its debt. The
interest tax shield from its debt lowers Summit's WACC by what�
The interest tax shield from Summit Builders' debt lowers the company's WACC by approximately 3.055%.
To calculate the interest tax shield and its impact on Summit Builders' Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC), we need to follow these steps:
Determine the debt portion of Summit Builders' capital structure. The debt-equity ratio of 0.75 implies that the company has 0.75 units of debt for every 1 unit of equity. This means the debt portion represents 0.75 / (0.75 + 1) = 0.4286 or 42.86% of the total capital structure.
Calculate the interest tax shield. The interest tax shield refers to the tax savings resulting from the deduction of interest expenses from taxable income. It can be calculated using the formula: Interest Tax Shield = Debt * Interest Rate * Tax Rate.
Given that Summit Builders pays 9% interest on its debt and the corporate tax rate is 21%, we can calculate the interest tax shield as follows:
Interest Tax Shield = 0.4286 * 0.09 * 0.21 = 0.00859 or 0.859% of the total capital structure.
Determine the impact on WACC. The interest tax shield reduces the after-tax cost of debt, which in turn lowers the overall WACC. The WACC can be calculated using the formula: WACC = (Cost of Equity * Equity Weight) + (Cost of Debt * Debt Weight * (1 - Tax Rate)).
Since we have the debt portion as 42.86% and the cost of debt as 9%, we can calculate the impact on WACC as follows:
Impact on WACC = Cost of Debt * Debt Weight * (1 - Tax Rate)
= 0.09 * 0.4286 * (1 - 0.21)
= 0.09 * 0.4286 * 0.79
= 0.03055 or 3.055%.
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The Pasta Shack is an Italian Restaurant in Orlando, Florida, near the major tourist attractions that has noticed a recent decline in sales. The owner and his managers decided to have a meeting to come up with some strategies to reverse this trend. One of the managers used to work for an independent restaurant in a suburban neighborhood in Chicago and suggested a strategy used successfully by his former restaurant: offering an early-bird menu to customers who order before 6:00 PM. The idea is to provide a limited number of entrees at a discounted price.
The original price of the entrees placed on the early-bird menu was $10.95 and included a salad. The new price for the specials would be $8.95. After the first two weeks of offering the specials, the daily average number of covers increased from 50 to 58 during the 4 to 6PM time period. However, the daily average number of covers after 6 PM decreased from 75 to 70, due to some cannibalization of current customers. Assume that $8.95 is the average price per person from 4 to 6PM and $10.95 is the average price per person after 6 PM when answering the questions.
1. What was the effect of the price change on total revenues during the early-bird time period?
2. Using the concepts presented in the chapter, how would you explain the change?
3. Is the new strategy successful? Explain.
4. What could be the cause for the initial decline in sales?
5. Are there any additional costs associated with the new strategy?
6. How could you increase the profitability associated with the early-bird strategy?
The price change on the early-bird menu at The Pasta Shack had a positive effect on total revenues during the specified time period. However, there was cannibalization of customers after 6 PM, leading to a decrease in covers.
The new strategy can be considered successful based on the increase in covers during the early-bird time period. The initial decline in sales may have been caused by various factors, which need further investigation. While the price change had a positive impact on revenues, there may be additional costs associated with implementing the new strategy. To increase profitability, The Pasta Shack can consider optimizing the menu offerings, implementing targeted marketing campaigns, and exploring opportunities for cost reduction.
The effect of the price change on total revenues during the early-bird time period can be calculated by multiplying the average price per person ($8.95) by the increase in covers (58 - 50 = 8 covers). This gives the increase in revenue during the early-bird time period.
The change in total revenues can be explained using the concept of price elasticity of demand. The decrease in price from $10.95 to $8.95 led to an increase in demand during the early-bird time period. However, there was cannibalization of customers after 6 PM, resulting in a decrease in covers and potentially lower overall revenue.
The new strategy can be considered successful as it led to an increase in covers during the early-bird time period. However, the overall success should be evaluated by considering the impact on total revenues and profitability.
The initial decline in sales could be attributed to various factors such as changes in customer preferences, competition, seasonality, or economic conditions. Further analysis is required to identify the specific cause.
To increase profitability associated with the early-bird strategy, The Pasta Shack can consider optimizing the menu offerings to encourage upselling, implementing targeted marketing campaigns to attract new customers during the early-bird period, analyzing cost structures to identify areas for cost reduction, and ensuring efficient operations during the busy time period. Regular evaluation and adjustment of the strategy based on customer feedback and financial performance can help improve profitability.
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Corporations Law, Environmental Law, Administrative Law, Criminal Law, Competition and Consumer Law, Property Law, Tort Law, Energy Law, Employment Law, and Contract Law are all areas of law that are important to this case study. Explain how three (3) of these areas might be used to bring justice to people who have been mistreated by PG&E's actions, using the facts from the case study as examples. (about 500 to 600 words)
Corporations Law, Criminal Law, and Environmental Law are three (3) of the most applicable areas of law that can be used to bring justice to the people who have been mistreated by PG&E's actions.What is PG&E?Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) is a publicly traded utility company based in San Francisco, California. PG&E supplies natural gas and electricity to a large portion of California.
In 2019, PG&E filed for bankruptcy due to a series of catastrophic wildfires in the state that were caused by its equipment. After filing for bankruptcy, the company reached a settlement with wildfire victims and emerged from bankruptcy under new ownership. In the years leading up to the wildfires, PG&E was found to have violated numerous safety regulations and failed to maintain its equipment adequately. The following are the ways that Corporations Law, Criminal Law, and Environmental Law might be used to bring justice to people who have been mistreated by PG&E's actions: Corporations Law Corporations.
Law is the study of how a corporation operates, including its internal affairs and how it interacts with the outside world. Corporations Law governs the rights and responsibilities of directors, officers, and shareholders. It also addresses the formation, maintenance, and dissolution of a corporation. The actions of PG&E are subject to Corporations Law. One of the main issues with PG&E is that the company has been found to have violated numerous safety regulations and failed to maintain its equipment adequately. These actions have led to multiple catastrophic wildfires in California, which have resulted in the death and injury of many people, the loss of homes and property, and the destruction of natural resources. PG&E is subject to Corporations Law, which governs the rights and responsibilities of directors, officers, and shareholders. The actions of the company's directors and officers are subject to scrutiny under Corporations Law.Criminal LawCriminal Law is the study of how society punishes individuals and entities that break the law. Criminal Law is used to hold individuals and entities accountable for their actions. In the case of PG&E, the company's actions have led to multiple catastrophic wildfires in California. These fires have resulted in the death and injury of many people, the loss of homes and property, and the destruction of natural resources. Criminal Law can be used to hold PG&E accountable for its actions. The company can be charged with criminal negligence for its failure to maintain its equipment adequately. Criminal Law can also be used to charge individual employees of PG&E who were responsible for the maintenance and upkeep of the company's equipment.Environmental LawEnvironmental Law is the study of how society regulates the environment and natural resources. Environmental Law is used to protect the environment and natural resources from harm caused by human activities. In the case of PG&E, the company's actions have led to the destruction of natural resources. The company has been found to have violated numerous safety regulations and failed to maintain its equipment adequately. These actions have led to multiple catastrophic wildfires in California, which have resulted in the destruction of natural resources. Environmental Law can be used to hold PG&E accountable for its actions. The company can be charged with violating environmental regulations. Environmental Law can also be used to charge individual employees of PG&E who were responsible for the maintenance and upkeep of the company's equipment.
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Lawrence is trying to use the CAPM to estimate the required return for Oracle Corporation, a database software company. He assumes that the expected market return will be 11.03% and the risk free rate will be 2.69%. If Oracle's beta is 0.80, what should Lawrence's required return be?
Multiple Choice
a. 9.36%
b. 6.67%
c. 11.51%
d. 2.76%
Answer:
A: 9.36%
Explanation:
Lawrence's required return for Oracle Corporation should be 9.36%
Which of the following factors is not affected when market forces resulting from Covered Interest Arbitrage cause market realignment? O Domestic interest rates. O The forward rate. O The future spot rate. O Foreign interest rates. O The current spot rate.
When market forces resulting from Covered Interest Arbitrage cause market realignment, the factor that is not affected is the "current spot rate".
Covered Interest Arbitrage is an investment strategy where an investor can reduce their risk when investing in foreign currency. A difference in interest rates between two countries creates an opportunity for profit when investing in a foreign currency.
The four terms mentioned in the question are:
o Domestic interest rates.
o The forward rate.
o The future spot rate.
o Foreign interest rates. When market forces resulting from Covered Interest Arbitrage cause market realignment, the current spot rate is not affected. Covered interest arbitrage is a technique used by investors to reduce exchange rate risk while also taking advantage of interest rate differences between countries. When the forward rate exceeds the expected future spot rate, there is an arbitrage opportunity available.
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What changes in the u.s. tax code has been enacted in recent decades, disproportionately benefiting the wealthy?
One major change was the Tax Reform Act of 1986 .Another significant change was the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
these changes in the tax code have contributed to the increasing income and wealth inequality in the United States
In the United States, there have been several changes in the tax code that disproportionately benefited the wealthy in recent decades. These changes have resulted in an increase in income and wealth inequality across the country.
One major change was the Tax Reform Act of 1986. This Act lowered the top marginal tax rate from 50% to 28%, which greatly benefited the wealthiest Americans. However, it also eliminated many tax shelters and deductions that had previously allowed high-income earners to reduce their tax liability.
Another significant change was the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. This Act lowered the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% and lowered individual income tax rates across the board. However, it also disproportionately benefited the wealthy through changes such as the increased estate tax exemption, which allowed wealthy individuals to transfer more wealth to their heirs tax-free.
Additionally, there have been several changes to the capital gains tax rate, which is the tax rate applied to income from investments. These changes have generally resulted in lower tax rates for investment income, which tends to benefit the wealthy who have more investment income than the average American.
Overall, these changes in the tax code have contributed to the increasing income and wealth inequality in the United States. While some argue that lower taxes on the wealthy stimulate economic growth, others argue that these changes simply benefit the rich at the expense of the poor and middle class.
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Research question To qualify as a research question, the following five criteria must be met: It must be a question. It must be one sentence. The question should not require a "Yes" or "No" answer. A population of interest must be specified. The question must refer to some theory or concept. (4) Research objectives Analyse Assess Categorise Describe Evaluate. (4) 1.4 1.3 Research question To qualify as a research question, the following five criteria must be met: It must be a question. It must be one sentence. The question should not require a "Yes" or "No" answer. A population of interest must be specified. The question must refer to some theory or concept. (4) Research objectives Analyse Assess Categorise Describe Evaluate. (4) 1.4
A research question is a statement that identifies the goal of the research project and serves as the focal point for the research study. It is a sentence or phrase that clearly identifies the research question. In order to qualify as a research question, five criteria must be met, namely:
1. It must be a question. The research question should be in the form of a question that can be answered.
2. It must be one sentence. The research question should be in one sentence that clearly conveys the central theme of the study.
3. The question should not require a "Yes" or "No" answer. The question should not be in the form of a "yes" or "no" answer.
4. A population of interest must be specified. The research question should identify the population of interest.
5. The question must refer to some theory or concept. The research question should be grounded in a theoretical or conceptual framework.
Research objectives are goals that the researcher seeks to achieve through research. They are specific, measurable, and time-bound statements that outline what the researcher intends to accomplish at the end of the research study. The following are the 5 research objectives:
1. Analyze: To examine or study something methodically.
2. Assess: To evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of something.
3. Categorize: To place people or objects in groups based on shared characteristics.
4. Describe: To give an account or representation of something.
5. Evaluate: To assess or judge the value or importance of something.
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Question 20 1 Point AAA Clothing plant has a Divisional-Hybrid departmentalization. Accordingly which of the following are the correct departments? A Manufacturing, Engineering, Accounting, Human Resources, and Purchasing. B) Children Clothing, Bahrain, Kuwait, Government, and Small Businesses. C) Government, Small Businesses, Large Businesses, Households, and Individuals. D) Muharraq Area, Salmabad Industrial Area, and Sitra Industrial Area.
In a Divisional-Hybrid departmentalization, the correct departments for AAA Clothing plant are Manufacturing, Engineering, Accounting, Human Resources, and Purchasing. The correct option is A.
This type of departmentalization organizes departments based on specific divisions or functions within the organization. The Manufacturing department handles production, Engineering deals with technical aspects, Accounting manages finances, Human Resources handles personnel matters, and Purchasing handles procurement and supply chain activities.
These departments reflect the typical structure of a divisional-hybrid organization, where different functions or divisions are organized separately within the company.
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International Variation in preferred corporate culture. One serious mistake is to assume that the culture preferred in the domestic HQ of an international company will work throughout the work and that HR can globalize its various tools without serious problems.
As it was mentioned on Chapter 11 (National Cultures and Corporate Cultures pg. 195) national cultures vary substantially on their relative preferences for the four cultures (Family, Incubator, Guided Missile, Eiffel Tower)
Read the case "The sad history of pay for performance" is a single concept than in many cases can bring disastrous consequences and contra productive effects.
The Sad history of pay for performance
Pay for performance is one of these incentive systems that "should" work because it seems so logical and fair, but in practice runs foul of corporate culture. So let’s consider the circumstances in which it succeeds and the many in which it fails.
It is, of course, an Eiffel Tower concept (Chapter 11) Top management is assumed to know how difficult jobs are and therefore how much the successful completion of each task is worth and what reward the employee deserves. Where the job-holder excels, top management even assumes that this excellence will take predictable and measurable forms, increasing in quantities achieved without the quality of the tasks being changed. One consequence of this is that you cannot change a production system to which rewards have been attached without also changing the reward system, which typically lead to strong resistance to change from employees and the need to recalculate pay-for-performance tariffs every time technologies change.
Pay for performance undermines the order and predictability of Eiffel Tower cultures. It does this by withholding a portion of the employee’s pay until after the task has been performed. If the task is held to be unsatisfactory, pay for that period will be less. There is a strong shift of power towards those judging performance and away from those actually performing.
Pay for performance runs into immediate difficulties in any Family culture where motivations and rewards are intrinsic, not extrinsic. You are not paid to be a good parent; you are not rewarded as an individual for what your family group has nurtured in you. Children given monetary incentives for fastening their seat belts is automobiles stopped doing so when the incentives stopped. From a family point of view their lives are precious in themselves and incentives trivialized this. What should a nurse get for holding the hand of a dying teenage joyrider whose auto has crashed and the breaking the news to his parents? Should she get $50, or a T-shirt with a heart on it? Are not many jobs their own reward? Are we all just waiting staff wanting tips?
Pay for performance fails utterly in an Incubator culture. Indeed, it is anti-creative in its influence. When certain tasks are incentivized research shows that employees choose the easiest and avoid the more difficult ones. It is the hard jobs that most need innovation. If and when innovation does occur, it may not be rewarded. It may even be punished, because top management does not know what value to attribute to a task completed in a creative manner. In any case the deep significance of creativity is often insulted by the pin-money used to reward it. What if the innovation is worth millions and you pay $100? The innovator is likely to feel more aggrieved than if paid nothing.
Finally, the Guided Missile culture quarrels with pay for performance because you have singled out the individual and ignored the team. Why should not those who give help to other be rewarded? Why not give money to whole teams? Indeed, if the group becomes jealous of the high performing individual they will drag that person down to their level. Retail clerks who "sell too much" will have their receipt books stolen by co-workers or be otherwise punished. What is the point of making leaders out of high performers who are disliked by their peers because they received money that others helped them earn?
This capsule case is summarized from Alfie Kohn’s book, Published by Rewards.
(Source: Managing People Across Cultures by Fons Trompenaars and Charles Hampden-Turner)
Questions: A tool, often believed to be neutral, like pay for performance, will prove disastrous in certain cultures yet the need to locate and develop talent remains desperately urgent …
1) How could you, as an International Manager working with a team of employees from different parts of the world evaluate your employees’ performance without causing anxiety, misinterpretation and frustration among them?
It can be difficult to lead a team with people from various cultural backgrounds. You must use caution when giving feedback on someone else's work as the managing team leader of a multicultural group.
Particularly when it's constructive and perhaps perceived as negative, each culture and even each nation has an own manner of providing feedback.
Be particularly mindful of your language use when working with a diverse team. There must be a balance between taking into account cultural variations and depending on stereotypes to predict the behaviour of your personnel.
A big component of your leadership and managing team is giving your team feedback that is both honest and constructive. Whether it's a good or bad review, your coworkers deserve to know the truth about the calibre of their job.
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Buy American Preference Discussion In today's world economy, the United States is no longer considered the manufacturing giant it once was and the "Buy American Preference" program has become outdated and no longer required. In this discussion, argue for or against the Buy American program as it relates to airports and cite and reference your sources in support of your post. Is the Buy American program outdated? Do you agree with the program or should congress completely repeal the requirement? Read what your peers have to offer and comment on one of their posts, preferably one that took the opposite side that you did.
"The argument against the Buy American program as it relates to airports: The Buy American program, which requires the use of domestically produced materials in federally funded projects, has been a longstanding policy in the United States." However, I believe that this program is outdated and should be repealed, especially in the context of airports.
Firstly, the global economy has evolved significantly since the implementation of the Buy American program. In today's interconnected world, international trade and supply chains have become highly integrated, making it increasingly difficult to define what constitutes a purely "American" product. Many components and materials used in the construction of airports, such as electronics, steel, and machinery, are sourced from various countries. Restricting the procurement process to only American-made products can limit the range of options available, potentially leading to higher costs, delays, and inferior quality.
Secondly, repealing the Buy American program in airports would align with the principles of free trade and competition. By allowing airports to source materials and equipment from a wider range of suppliers, both domestic and international, encourages market competition, which can drive innovation, improve quality, and lower costs. This could ultimately benefit taxpayers who fund these projects.
Moreover, studies have shown that the Buy American program can have negative economic consequences. A report by the Peterson Institute for International Economics found that imposing Buy American restrictions in infrastructure projects can lead to retaliatory measures by other countries, reducing export opportunities for American firms and potentially costing jobs in industries that rely on international trade.
In conclusion, the Buy American program is outdated in the context of airports. It hampers the ability to access the best products and services available globally, limits competition, and can have adverse economic effects. Repealing the program would align with the realities of the global economy and promote more efficient and cost-effective airport infrastructure development.
One of the key points raised in the post is the potential for job creation and economic stimulus through the program. While it is true that the Buy American program may provide short-term benefits to certain industries and workers, it is important to consider the long-term consequences. By restricting the procurement process to only American-made products, the program limits competition and can result in higher costs for taxpayers. This, in turn, could have a negative impact on job creation and economic growth in the long run.
Additionally, the global nature of supply chains and the interconnectedness of economies make it challenging to define what truly constitutes an "American" product. Many components and materials used in airports are sourced from various countries, and imposing strict domestic content requirements may lead to delays, increased project costs, and potentially lower-quality infrastructure.
Furthermore, the Buy American program can also have adverse effects on international trade relations. Other countries may respond with their own protectionist measures, leading to a decrease in export opportunities for American firms. This can harm industries that rely on international trade and potentially result in a loss of jobs.
Considering these factors, I believe that a more balanced and flexible approach to procurement in airports would be beneficial. It would allow for the consideration of both domestic and international suppliers, encouraging competition, innovation, and cost-effectiveness. By focusing on value for money and quality rather than strict domestic content requirements, airports can make more informed decisions that benefit both the taxpayers and the overall efficiency of infrastructure development
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which of the following age groups of consumers is most the most tech-savvy and most responsive to fashion change?
15-24
25-37
38-49
All of them
Amongst the age groups given, the 15-24 age group of consumers is most the most tech-savvy and most responsive to fashion change. This age group is considered the most tech-savvy and fashionable of all the age groups.What is tech-savvy.
Tech-savvy refers to a person who is highly proficient or knowledgeable in the usage and development of technology, particularly with digital devices such as computers, smartphones, and software applications.What is fashion change?The concept of fashion change refers to the transformation of fashion over time. It involves the development and progression of clothing styles, designs, and accessories throughout history.
It also pertains to how clothing trends evolve and change from one season to the next, with new styles replacing old ones.Tech-savvy refers to a person who is highly proficient or knowledgeable in the usage and development of technology, particularly with digital devices such as computers, smartphones, and software applications.What is fashion change?The concept of fashion change refers to the transformation of fashion over time. It involves the development and progression of clothing styles, designs, and accessories throughout history.
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1.Please discuss major export and import products (1 each) for South Korea, and what happended to their prices over the years.
2.Please cite and explain 1 good/service that has positive externality and therefore the government should subsidize.
1. The primary import product for South Korea is crude oil, accounting for 12.2% of all imports. The country's primary export is semiconductors.
2. Education is a good example of a good/service that has a positive externality.
1. South Korea is one of the most important economic countries in Asia, being an advanced economy and having numerous multinational corporations with worldwide reach.
The country's primary export is semiconductors.
South Korea is the largest supplier of semiconductors to the global market, accounting for 17% of global sales in 2019.
South Korea's semiconductor exports have increased from $54.7 billion in 2016 to $97.9 billion in 2020.
The primary import product for South Korea is crude oil, accounting for 12.2% of all imports.
Crude oil imports decreased from $103.5 billion in 2014 to $46.6 billion in 2020 due to declining crude oil prices.
2. Positive externalities are the benefits enjoyed by individuals or society as a whole as a result of a person's actions that are not reflected in the cost of the action. Education is a good example of a good/service that has a positive externality.
When a person receives an education, they gain knowledge and skills that can be used to benefit themselves and their communities.
The positive externality is that when an individual is educated, they are more likely to be employed, pay more taxes, and contribute to the economy.
However, due to market failure, there is often an under-supply of education as individuals may not recognize the full benefits of their education.
This is where the government can step in and provide subsidies for education to encourage more individuals to obtain an education.
By doing so, the government can increase the number of educated individuals, which can benefit society as a whole.
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death valley is a group of answer choices rain shadow desert continental interior desert cold coastal current desert hadley cell desert
Death Valley is a rain shadow desert in the continental interior desert of North America. A rain shadow desert is formed when a mountain range acts as a barrier, blocking rain-bearing clouds from entering a particular region.
On the side of the mountain range that is exposed to the wind, precipitation is high, while on the other side, it is dry. Death Valley is one such region where the mountains block moisture-bearing winds, leaving the valley arid and dry.The region is part of the Mojave Desert, which is further classified as a desert in the cold coastal current desert, Hadley cell desert region.
The region is characterized by extreme temper
ature fluctuations, with summers being extremely hot, and winters being mildly cold. The average temperature in the region is around 27°C, with peak summers touching 45°C and winters dropping to 3°C. The region is also marked by extreme aridity, with rainfall averaging around 5 cm per year.
This, along with the extreme temperatures, makes the region one of the most inhospitable regions on the planet. The Hadley cell desert region includes other deserts such as the Sahara, the Arabian, and the Australian deserts. These regions, like Death Valley, are marked by high temperatures and low precipitation.
The continental interior deserts include the Gobi desert and the Great Basin desert, both of which are similarly arid and dry.
The Cold Coastal Current desert region includes deserts like the Atacama and the Namib, which are also characterized by cold currents from the ocean, resulting in arid conditions.
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