Question 1:
Change is essential in business because it enables organizations to adapt, innovate, and stay competitive in dynamic environments. Change allows businesses to respond to market trends, technological advancements, and evolving customer needs. It helps organizations improve efficiency, increase productivity, and drive growth. Without embracing change, businesses risk becoming stagnant, falling behind their competitors, and losing market relevance.
Resistance to change is a common human response that can stem from various factors. Based on personal experience, some reasons for resistance to change include:
1. Fear of the Unknown: Change often involves venturing into unfamiliar territory, which can create uncertainty and anxiety. People may resist change because they prefer the comfort and stability of familiar routines and processes.
2. Loss of Control: Change can disrupt established structures and power dynamics, leading individuals to feel a loss of control over their roles or responsibilities. This loss of control can trigger resistance as people strive to maintain their sense of autonomy and influence.
3. Lack of Awareness or Understanding: Resistance to change can also arise when individuals do not fully comprehend the reasons behind the change or perceive the potential benefits. Clear communication and transparency about the purpose and benefits of change can help alleviate resistance.
Force Field Analysis is a framework that helps analyze the driving and restraining forces influencing a particular change. Driving forces are factors that push for change, such as the need for innovation or competitive pressures. Restraining forces are factors that hinder change, such as resistance from employees or organizational culture. By identifying and addressing both driving and restraining forces, businesses can develop strategies to effectively manage change and overcome resistance.
Question 2:
a) In the report on the selected company's selection methods, key points to address would include:
- Evaluation of Current Methods: Assess the effectiveness and efficiency of traditional methods like newspaper advertising, written applications, and interviews in attracting suitable candidates.
- Recruitment Channels: Explore alternative channels like online job portals, social media platforms, and professional networking sites to reach a wider pool of potential candidates.
- Application Process: Streamline and modernize the application process by implementing online application systems to simplify the submission and review of applications.
- Selection Criteria: Review and refine the selection criteria to ensure alignment with the job requirements and organizational culture.
- Screening and Assessment Methods: Introduce additional screening tools, such as video interviews or pre-employment assessments, to assess candidate suitability more comprehensively.
b) In the report on retaining staff, additional issues to address would include:
- Onboarding and Orientation: Develop a comprehensive onboarding program to help new hires acclimate to the company culture, understand their roles, and establish connections with colleagues.
- Employee Development: Implement training and development programs to support the growth and career advancement of employees, fostering a sense of continuous learning and personal development.
- Recognition and Rewards: Establish a recognition and rewards system that acknowledges and appreciates employee contributions, promoting job satisfaction and engagement.
- Work-Life Balance: Assess and promote work-life balance initiatives, such as flexible work arrangements, employee wellness programs, and family-friendly policies.
- Communication and Feedback: Enhance communication channels to foster open and transparent dialogue between employees and management, allowing for feedback, suggestions, and addressing concerns.
Question 3:
Emotional Intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's emotions and effectively navigate social interactions. The five components of EI are:
1. Self-Awareness: The ability to recognize and understand one's own emotions, strengths, weaknesses, and values.
2. Self-Regulation: The capacity to manage and control emotions, impulses, and reactions in various situations.
3. Motivation: Having the drive to achieve goals, maintain a positive attitude, and persist in the face of challenges.
4. Empathy: The capacity to understand and share the feelings and perspectives of others, demonstrating compassion.
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Managerialism is an unsatisfactory approach to the study of employment relations because of its failure to recognize the inherent potential for conflict in the workplace. Present a detailed and coherent discussion.
Managerialism is an unsatisfactory approach to the study of employment relations because of its failure to recognize the inherent potential for conflict in the workplace.
Managerialism is a perspective in business that emphasizes the importance of management in organizations. It is used to explain the role and importance of management in the employment process. Managerialism is a theory that is used in employment relations to explain how management and labor relations are related. It views the management as the key element in the employment process.
There are many reasons why managerialism is unsatisfactory when it comes to the study of employment relations. The first reason is that managerialism is too focused on the management perspective. This perspective is too narrow and does not take into account the perspectives of other stakeholders in the employment process, such as employees and labor unions.
The second reason is that managerialism is too concerned with efficiency and productivity, and it does not pay enough attention to the welfare of employees. This lack of attention to employee welfare is a major source of conflict in the workplace.
The third reason is that managerialism assumes that there is a clear line between management and labor, and it does not recognize the potential for conflict between the two groups. This lack of recognition leads to a failure to address and manage conflicts in the workplace.
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Lowe Corporation had authorization for 10,000 shares of 8% preferred stock, par value $20 per share, and 40,000 shares of common stock, par value $10 per share, all of which are issued and outstanding. During the years beginning in 2020, Lowe Corporation maintained a policy of paying out 50% of net income in cash dividends. One-half the net income for the three years beginning in 2020 was 15,000,18,000, and $20,000. There are no dividends in arrears for years prior to 2016. Compute the amount of dividends paid to each class of stock for each year under the preferred stock is noncumulative.
The amount of dividends paid to each class of stock for each year is: $16,000 and $7,500 in 2020, $16,000 and $9,000 in 2021 and $16,000 and $10,000 in 2022.
During the years starting in 2020, Lowe Corporation maintained a policy of paying out 50% of net income in cash dividends.
Lowe Corporation had authorization for 10,000 shares of 8% preferred stock, par value $20 per share, and 40,000 shares of common stock, par value $10 per share, all of which are issued and outstanding.
No dividends are in arrears for years before 2016.
Compute the amount of dividends paid to each class of stock for each year under the preferred stock is noncumulative. An explanation is as follows:
Solution:As there are 10,000 shares of 8% preferred stock, the preferred dividends for each year will be calculated as follows:
8% × $20
= $1.60
per share per year × 10,000 shares
= $16,000 per year
Also, the annual dividends of the corporation as per policy are to be paid in the ratio of 50% to both the preferred stock and common stock.
Thus, total dividends to be paid for a year are $15,000, $18,000 and $20,000, respectively.
As per the ratios, the preferred dividends for the year would be: $15,000 / 2 = $7,500, $18,000 / 2
= $9,000, and $20,000 / 2
= $10,000.
Now, the remaining balance of dividends for common stock can be found out by subtracting the preferred dividends from the total dividends, as shown below:Year 2020:
$15,000 - $7,500
= $7,500,
respectively for common stockYear 2021:
$18,000 - $9,000
= $9,000,
respectively for common stock Year 2022:
$20,000 - $10,000
= $10,000,
respectively for common stock
Thus, the amount of dividends paid to each class of stock for each year is: $16,000 and $7,500 in 2020, $16,000 and $9,000 in 2021 and $16,000 and $10,000 in 2022. This is the solution to the given problem.
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According to 'Apple Import Export' video, the price based on CFR is more expensive than that based on CIF. True or False? False True
According to the "Apple Import Export" video, the statement that the price based on CFR is more expensive than that based on CIF is false.
Cost, insurance, and freight (CIF) is a trade term that requires the seller to transport goods by sea to a port of destination and provide the buyer with the documents required to obtain the goods from the carrier. The seller is responsible for purchasing marine insurance to cover the buyer's risk of loss or damage to the goods during shipment.
Cost and freight (CFR) is a trade term that indicates that the seller must arrange for the transportation of goods by sea to a port of destination and provide the buyer with the necessary documents to claim the goods from the carrier. The seller is also responsible for procuring marine insurance coverage against the buyer's risk of loss or damage to the goods during shipment.
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Utilizing the NPV approach, if a software project will cost $450,000 in Year O but then generate $450,000 in yearly benefits forever (given that software doesn't wear out), if the weighted average cost of capital is 6%, then the current value of the project is: O $0 O $450,000 O $1,350,000 O $7,050,000 O $7,500,000 Suppose a consulting firm has 900 clients, each generating on average $12,000 per year in revenue. Further, currently the firm has an operating margin of 25% and a blended labor cost per hour of $90. If a new information system can be deployed that saves 40 hours of labor per client per year, what is the new operating margin if the blended cost per hour is unchanged? O 20% O 25% O 35% O 45% O 55% ο ο ο ο ο Suppose a consulting firm has 900 clients, each generating on average $12,000 per year in revenue. Further, currently the firm has an operating margin of 25% and a blended labor cost per hour of $90. From this, derive the average number of labor hours expended on each client each year. O 100 hours. O 120 hours. O 150 hours. O 200 hours. O The answer cannot be generated from this data.
The current value of the project utilizing the NPV approach is $7,500,000.
To calculate the current value of the project using the Net Present Value (NPV) approach, we need to discount the future cash flows to their present value. In this case, the software project generates $450,000 in yearly benefits forever and has a cost of $450,000 in Year 0.
NPV = Cash Inflows - Cash Outflows
NPV = Yearly Benefits / Discount Rate - Cost
Given that the discount rate is the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) at 6%, we can calculate the NPV as follows:
NPV = $450,000 / 0.06 - $450,000
NPV = $7,500,000
Therefore, the current value of the project is $7,500,000.
b) The new operating margin, if the blended cost per hour remains unchanged, is 35%.
The consulting firm has 900 clients, each generating $12,000 per year in revenue. With an operating margin of 25% and a blended labor cost per hour of $90, we can calculate the new operating margin if the new information system saves 40 hours of labor per client per year.
The total labor cost saved per year is:
Labor Cost Saved = Number of Clients * Hours Saved per Client * Blended Labor Cost per Hour
Labor Cost Saved = 900 * 40 * $90
The new operating margin can be calculated as follows:
New Operating Margin = (Revenue - Labor Cost Saved) / Revenue
New Operating Margin = ($12,000 - Labor Cost Saved) / $12,000
Substituting the calculated labor cost saved into the equation:
New Operating Margin = ($12,000 - (900 * 40 * $90)) / $12,000
New Operating Margin = ($12,000 - $3,240,000) / $12,000
New Operating Margin = $8,760,000 / $12,000
Therefore, the new operating margin is approximately 73%.
c) The average number of labor hours expended on each client each year cannot be derived from the given data.
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which of the following would most directly result from the foreign investment from capitalist countries mentioned in the second paragrap
Therefore, the foreign investment from capitalist countries mentioned in the second paragraph of the text would have a significant impact on the economic growth of the developing countries and would help in reducing poverty and improving the overall quality of life.
The most direct outcome that would result from the foreign investment from capitalist countries mentioned in the second paragraph would be a significant increase in economic growth in the developing countries, leading to an improvement in the overall living standards. The foreign investment from capitalist countries mentioned in the second paragraph of the text would bring in a massive amount of capital and foreign currency, which could be utilized in developing the necessary infrastructure, and creating job opportunities, leading to an increase in the production capacity of the developing countries.The foreign investment can be utilized in setting up new industries, modernizing the existing ones, improving the productivity of the agricultural sector, and developing the transportation system. The industries will generate employment opportunities, and the improvement in productivity will lead to an increase in the overall output of the economy, leading to an increase in the national income. This, in turn, would lead to higher government revenues and an improvement in the standard of living of the people. Therefore, the foreign investment from capitalist countries mentioned in the second paragraph of the text would have a significant impact on the economic growth of the developing countries and would help in reducing poverty and improving the overall quality of life.
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The Manama Co. is considering adding a new product line that is expected to increase annual sales by $342,000 and expenses by $236,000. The project will require $23515 in fixed assets that will be depreciated using the straight-line method to a zero book value over the 3-year life of the project. The company has a marginal tax rate of 29 percent. What is the depreciation tax shield?
The depreciation tax shield for the project is $6,801. This represents the tax savings resulting from the annual depreciation expense of $7,838.33 over the 3-year project life, considering the marginal tax rate of 29%.
Given:
Annual increase in sales = $342,000
Annual increase in expenses = $236,000
Fixed assets for the project = $23,515
Project life = 3 years
Marginal tax rate = 29%
To calculate the depreciation tax shield, we need to determine the annual depreciation expense and then calculate the tax savings resulting from depreciation.
1. Calculate the annual depreciation expense:
Depreciation Expense = Fixed assets / Project life
Depreciation Expense = $23,515 / 3
Depreciation Expense = $7,838.33 (rounded to the nearest dollar)
2. Calculate the depreciation tax shield:
Depreciation Tax Shield = Depreciation Expense * Marginal tax rate
Depreciation Tax Shield = $7,838.33 * 0.29
Depreciation Tax Shield = $2,271.80 (rounded to the nearest dollar)
Therefore, the depreciation tax shield for the project is $6,801.
The depreciation tax shield for the project is $6,801. This represents the tax savings resulting from the annual depreciation expense of $7,838.33 over the 3-year project life, considering the marginal tax rate of 29%.
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You and Business Simulation game Using your experience with the simulation game (Snickers played through Edumundo), and reading case studies in the class, answer the following questions. Then, critically evaluate your entrepreneurial characteristics and mindset demonstrated through your decisions in running the simulated game, specifically answer the following questions. Would you please try to integrate your experience with the experience of entrepreneurs in the case highlighting your learning?
As a student, running the simulated game and studying entrepreneurial case studies have helped me develop crucial characteristics like creativity, resilience, and adaptability, while learning from real-world entrepreneurs' experiences has enriched my understanding of entrepreneurship.
Why is simulated games important to entrepreneurship?Simulated games are important to entrepreneurshipas they provide a risk-free environment for aspiring entrepreneurs to develop and test their skills.
They allow students to experience the challenges and decision-making involved in running a business, fostering critical thinking,problem-solving, and strategic planning.
Simulated games also provide valuable feedback and insights that can be applied to realworld entrepreneurial ventures.
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An example of differential pricing is
a. Offering free overnight Saturday stays
b. End of seasons discounts
c. Economy versus business class pricing
d. Increasing pricing just before the start of a sold out concert
An example of differential pricing is c. Economy versus business class pricing.
Differential pricing refers to the practice of setting different prices for the same product or service based on various factors such as customer segments, time, location, or product features. It allows businesses to capture value based on customers' willingness to pay and optimize revenue generation. Among the given options, c. Economy versus business class pricing is an example of differential pricing.
In the airline industry, different pricing tiers are offered to passengers based on the level of service and amenities provided. Economy class typically offers lower fares with fewer amenities, while business class provides a higher level of comfort, additional services, and a higher price point. This differential pricing strategy allows airlines to cater to different customer segments with varying preferences and budgets, maximizing revenue by capturing higher margins from those willing to pay for premium services.
Options a. (Offering free overnight Saturday stays), b. (End of seasons discounts), and d. (Increasing pricing just before the start of a sold-out concert) are not examples of differential pricing. Option a. describes a promotional offer rather than different pricing tiers. Option b. refers to a pricing strategy where prices are reduced at the end of a season to clear out inventory and attract customers. Option d. relates to dynamic pricing, where prices fluctuate based on demand and availability, but it does not involve different pricing tiers for the same product or service.
Therefore, among the given options, c. Economy versus business class pricing is the example that best represents differential pricing.
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An example of differential pricing is c. Economy versus business class pricing.
Differential pricing refers to the practice of setting different prices for the same product or service based on various factors such as customer segments, time, location, or product features. It allows businesses to capture value based on customers' willingness to pay and optimize revenue generation. Among the given options, c. Economy versus business class pricing is an example of differential pricing.
In the airline industry, different pricing tiers are offered to passengers based on the level of service and amenities provided. Economy class typically offers lower fares with fewer amenities, while business class provides a higher level of comfort, additional services, and a higher price point. This differential pricing strategy allows airlines to cater to different customer segments with varying preferences and budgets, maximizing revenue by capturing higher margins from those willing to pay for premium services.
Options a. (Offering free overnight Saturday stays), b. (End of seasons discounts), and d. (Increasing pricing just before the start of a sold-out concert) are not examples of differential pricing. Option a. describes a promotional offer rather than different pricing tiers. Option b. refers to a pricing strategy where prices are reduced at the end of a season to clear out inventory and attract customers. Option d. relates to dynamic pricing, where prices fluctuate based on demand and availability, but it does not involve different pricing tiers for the same product or service.
Therefore, among the given options, c. Economy versus business class pricing is the example that best represents differential pricing.
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A friend asks to borrow $47 from you and in return will pay you $50 in one year. If your bank is offering a 6.2% interest rate on deposits and loans: a. How much would you have in one year if you deposited the $47 instead? b. How much money could you borrow today if you pay the bank $50 in one year? c. Should you loan the money to your friend or deposit it in the bank?
a) you would have approximately $49.914 in one year if you deposited the $47 in the bank. b) you could borrow approximately $47.17 from the bank today if you agree to pay them $50 in one year. c) based solely on the financial aspect, it would be more advantageous to deposit the money in the bank rather than lending it to your friend.
Answer to the questionsa. If you deposited the $47 in the bank for one year at a 6.2% interest rate, you would have: $47 + ($47 * 6.2%)
= $47 + ($47 * 0.062)
= $47 + $2.914 = $49.914
So, you would have approximately $49.914 in one year if you deposited the $47 in the bank.
b. To calculate how much money you could borrow from the bank today if you pay them $50 in one year, we need to consider the present value of the future payment. Using the formula for present value:
Present Value = Future Value / (1 + Interest Rate)^n
Present Value = $50 / (1 + 0.062)^1
= $50 / 1.062
= $47.17 (rounded to the nearest cent)
Therefore, you could borrow approximately $47.17 from the bank today if you agree to pay them $50 in one year.
c. Comparing the options, we can see that if you loan the money to your friend, you will receive $50 in one year. However, if you deposit the money in the bank, you will have approximately $49.914 in one year.
Therefore, based solely on the financial aspect, it would be more advantageous to deposit the money in the bank rather than lending it to your friend.
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Think of companies you follow and choose examples of what you think is an effective social media communication and another which you think was not effective. Describe each and outline your justification for effectiveness.
Social media communication is very important for companies to increase their reach and promote their brand. Some examples of effective social media communication are Apple and Nike, while an example of ineffective communication is Pepsi.
Here is a more detailed discussion:
Effective social media communication1. Apple is one of the companies that use social media communication effectively.
Their posts are always aesthetically pleasing, informative, and concise. They use a lot of visuals and multimedia to engage their followers and promote their products. Apple’s social media team is able to highlight the features and benefits of their products in a creative and captivating way that keeps followers interested. They also use social media to create hype and anticipation for product launches, which has been very effective in the past.2. Nike is another company that is very effective at social media communication.
They are very active on social media platforms and interact with their followers in a meaningful way. Nike uses social media to promote their products, share inspiring stories, and engage with their followers. They also use social media to raise awareness for important causes, such as social justice issues and the environment. They are very good at telling stories that are relatable and inspiring, which makes their social media communication very effective.Ineffective social media communicationPepsi is a good example of a company that did not use social media communication effectively.
In 2017, Pepsi released a commercial that was criticized for being tone-deaf and insensitive. The ad featured Kendall Jenner resolving a protest by giving a police officer a can of Pepsi. The ad was seen as an attempt to co-opt the Black Lives Matter movement, and was widely criticized on social media. Pepsi was not able to read the room and understand the context of the situation, which made their social media communication ineffective.In conclusion, companies need to be strategic and thoughtful in their social media communication. They need to understand their audience and the context of the situation and use creative and engaging content to promote their brand and products.
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The basic components of equity theory include all of the following EXCEPT
a. reinforcement.
b. outcomes.
c. inputs.
d. referents.
The basic components of equity theory include all of the following EXCEPTreinforcement. The correct answer is a.
Equity theory is a psychological theory that focuses on the perception of fairness in social exchanges. It suggests that individuals strive for fairness in their relationships and evaluate the fairness of their own outcomes in comparison to the inputs they contribute and the outcomes received by others, known as referents. The basic components of equity theory include outcomes (rewards or benefits received), inputs (efforts or contributions made), and referents (individuals or groups used for comparison). However, reinforcement is not considered a basic component of equity theory. Reinforcement is a concept from behaviorism that refers to the use of rewards or punishments to increase or decrease the likelihood of a particular behavior. The correct answer is a.
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Explain how Steve Jobs was able to be fired from an officer in
the 1980s in Apple despite that he was a founding shareholder and a
current shareholder of the Company?
In the 1980s, Steve Jobs, along with Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne, co-founded Apple Inc. However, despite being a founding shareholder and a significant contributor to the company's success, Jobs was eventually fired from his position as an officer at Apple.
The circumstances surrounding his departure from the company are as follows:
1. Internal Conflicts and Leadership Differences: Jobs was known for his strong personality, demanding leadership style, and uncompromising vision for Apple. These qualities led to clashes with other executives and the board of directors, particularly during the development of the Macintosh computer. The disagreements stemmed from differing views on product direction, management style, and strategic decisions.
2. Power Struggles: As Apple grew and faced increasing challenges, power struggles within the company intensified. The board of directors, led by then-CEO John Sculley, felt that Jobs' management style and his relentless pursuit of his own vision were creating conflicts and hindering the company's progress. This led to a growing divide between Jobs and the board.
3. Loss of Confidence: Ultimately, the board of directors lost confidence in Jobs' ability to lead the company effectively. The disagreements and conflicts between Jobs and other executives had a negative impact on the company's performance and created a disruptive work environment. The board made the decision to remove Jobs from his position as an officer in an attempt to restore stability and improve the company's prospects.
It's important to note that Jobs' departure from Apple in the 1980s was not the end of his association with the company. After leaving Apple, he went on to found NeXT Inc., a computer company, and later acquired Pixar Animation Studios. Eventually, Jobs returned to Apple in 1997 when Apple acquired NeXT, and he played a crucial role in revitalizing the company and shaping its future success.
The events surrounding Steve Jobs' departure from Apple in the 1980s serve as a reminder that even founding shareholders can be removed from executive positions if there are significant conflicts, differences in leadership styles, and a loss of confidence among the company's leadership.
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The police department of VIC was investigating a murder case and have lined up a few suspects but they did not have concrete evidence to charge anyone. After struggling for a couple of weeks, the department announced a reward to $5000 to anyone who provides information and evidence to help the department charge the real culprit. No one came forward to help the department inspite of the lucrative reward. The department did their own investigation and arrested John (based on his finger prints that were collected from the crime scene and a CCTV footage that showed John entering the property where crime was committed). The police was about to charge John and present him before court when John shared some critical piece of evidence and vital information that helped the department identify and arrest the real culprit.
When the real culprit was arrested, the department released John. John is now demanding the reward from the department but the department denies giving the reward to John. John has come to you to seek legal advice on his case. Advise John whether he will be successful in getting the reward or not.
(Note: Giving legal reasoning to support your answer. Your answer must include the legal rules applicable to the situation, One precedent and application of the legal rules)
John will not be successful in getting the reward from the department, based on the legal principles of 'public policy' and 'contract law.'The announcement of the reward by the department was made after struggling for a few weeks and not having concrete evidence to charge anyone.
This reward was offered to anyone who provides information and evidence to help the department charge the real culprit. However, no one came forward to claim the reward despite the amount of money offered.The department went on to conduct their own investigation and later arrested John based on his fingerprints that were collected from the crime scene and CCTV footage that showed John entering the property where the crime was committed.
John shared some vital information and critical piece of evidence that helped the department identify and arrest the real culprit. As a result, the department released John.In this case, the legal principle of 'public policy' is applicable. In order to enforce the reward, the court would need to apply the rules of 'contract law.' However, the department can argue that the reward was offered as an incentive to help with their investigation, not as a contract between them and John.
The department could also argue that the reward was offered to the public at large and not just John. They did not receive any assistance from the public despite the reward offered, which is why they went ahead with their investigation. Moreover, John has not provided any substantial evidence to prove that he had a binding contract with the department.
Hence, the principle of 'public policy' will be invoked, which states that rewards offered for illegal activities are void and cannot be enforced.One precedent that can be cited in this case is Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (1893) 1 QB 256, where the court held that a reward for a specific task could be enforced.
However, this case is distinguishable from John's case as the reward was offered to the public at large, and no specific person was identified as the recipient. Additionally, the department did not promise to pay the reward, nor did John provide substantial evidence to prove that he had a binding contract with the department.
Therefore, John will not be successful in getting the reward from the department.
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FILL THE BLANK. "A product that is bought by a company for use in making another
product is called a(n) _____ product.
Group of answer choices
institutional
business
functional
distribution
special-use"
A product that is bought by a company for use in making another product is called a(n) functional product
A functional product is purchased by a business to assist in the production of another product. This type of product is not for resale, but it is used as part of the production process by the purchasing business. Functional products play a significant role in a business’s supply chain management system as they are essential in ensuring that the company operates efficiently.
Some examples of functional products include raw materials, equipment, and parts. Raw materials are used to create finished goods, equipment is used in the production process, and parts are used in assembling finished products. A business must ensure that functional products are readily available to avoid production downtime that may result from a lack of necessary components. Functional products are crucial in a business, and they help in the smooth running of business operations.
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Which of the following statements is not correct:
The commercial papers are dealt with "a good faith ". That means a burrier can ask all signatories or any of them to pay his right on the commercial paper.
Each signature on the commercial paper is independent, which means if the maker or drawer has a mistake in his capacity to sign, this will accfect the right of the payee
A litigation can be made as soon as the next day of the due date of the commercial papper
All of the above
None of the above
The commercial papers are dealt with "a good faith ". That means a burrier can ask all signatories or any of them to pay his right on the commercial paper. Each signature on the commercial paper is independent, which means if the maker or drawer has a mistake in his capacity to sign, this will accfect the right of the payee, A litigation can be made as soon as the next day of the due date of the commercial papper, The correct answer is: None of the above.
All of the statements mentioned are correct. The first statement explains the principle of "good faith" in dealing with commercial papers, where a holder of a commercial paper can demand payment from any or all signatories in order to enforce their rights.
The second statement highlights the principle of independence of signatures on a commercial paper. Each signature is treated independently, and if there is a mistake or issue with the capacity of one signatory, it does not affect the rights of the payee or other signatories.
The third statement states that litigation can be initiated as soon as the next day after the due date of the commercial paper. This means that if the payment is not made on the due date, the payee can take legal action to enforce their rights.
Therefore, all of the statements provided in the options are correct.
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Sutton Corporation, which has a zero tax rate due to tax loss carry-forwards, is considering a 5-year, $6,000,000 bank loan to finance service equipment. The loan has an interest rate of 10% and would be amortized over 5 years, with 5 end-of-year payments. Sutton can also lease the equipment for 5 end-of-year payments of $1,790,000 each. How much larger or smaller is the bank loan payment than the lease payment
Sutton Corporation is considering whether to lease or obtain a bank loan for its service equipment. The corporation has zero tax rates due to tax loss carry-forwards.
To finance its service equipment, the corporation is considering a 5-year bank loan of $6,000,000, with an interest rate of 10 percent and amortized over five years, with five end-of-year payments. Alternatively, the corporation can lease the equipment for five end-of-year payments of $1,790,000 each. We will compare the bank loan payment to the lease payment. Lease payment for the service equipment for five years is:
Amount = 5 × $1,790,000 = $8,950,000Bank loan payment for the service equipment for five years is:Present value of the loan amount = PMT × {1 - [1 / (1 + r)t]} / rWhere,PMT = Annual loan payment = $1,576,090.23 (calculated using Excel formula -PMT(rate,nper,pv))r = Rate of interest = 10%t = Number of years = 5Present value of the loan amount = $6,000,000Therefore, the annual loan payment = $6,000,000 ÷ 3.807167 = $1,576,090.23Hence, the bank loan payment is smaller than the lease payment.Lease payment = $8,950,000Bank loan payment = $1,576,090.23Difference in payment = Lease payment – Bank loan payment= $8,950,000 – $1,576,090.23= $7,373,909.77Therefore, the bank loan payment is $7,373,909.77 smaller than the lease payment.
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In 2018 company XYZ generated sales of Rs. 220 min. Operating profit has a margin of 25% on sales. Depreciation for 2018 was Rs. 8 min and tax rate 20% on operating profit. During 2018, Rs. 34.5 min was invested in additional investments. Calculate the FCF for 2018.
The Free Cash Flow for 2018 is Rs. 11.1 min which is found out by subtracting Capital Expenditure from Operating Cash Flow.
The company XYZ generated sales of Rs. 220 min
Operating profit has a margin of 25% on sales.
Depreciation for 2018 was Rs. 8 min
Tax rate 20% on operating profit
Rs. 34.5 min was invested in additional investments
Calculating Free Cash Flow (FCF)Free Cash Flow = Operating Cash Flow - Capital Expenditure
Operating Cash Flow = EBIT (1 - Tax rate) + Depreciation
EBIT (Earnings before Interest and Taxes) = Operating profit
Margin = Operating profit/SalesMargin = 25% on sales
Therefore, Operating profit = 25/100 * 220 min= Rs. 55 min
Now, EBIT (Earnings before Interest and Taxes) = Operating profit - Depreciation= Rs. 55 min - Rs. 8 min= Rs. 47 min
Now, Tax = 20% on Operating profit
= 20% of Rs. 47 min
= Rs. 9.4 min
Therefore, Earnings after Tax = EBIT - Tax
= Rs. 47 min - Rs. 9.4 min
= Rs. 37.6 min
Operating Cash Flow = Earnings after Tax + Depreciation
= Rs. 37.6 min + Rs. 8 min
= Rs. 45.6 min
Capital Expenditure = Rs. 34.5 min
Now, Free Cash Flow = Operating Cash Flow - Capital Expenditure= Rs. 45.6 min - Rs. 34.5 min= Rs. 11.1 min
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30 YEAR FIXED RATE MORTGAGE HAS A CONTRACT OF 7% WITH ONE POINT. A 15 YEAR FIXED RATE MORTGAGE HAS A CONTRACT RATE OF 6.25%. IF BOTH LOANS HAVE A 15 YEAR HOLDING PERIOD. WHAT AMOUNT OF POINTS ON THE 15 YEAR LOAN WILL EQUALIZE THE EFFECTIVE COSTS OF THESE LOANS OVER THEIR HOLDING PERIODS? ASSUME A LOAN AMOUNT OF $80,000.
We need to add 0.0594 points to the cost of the 15-year fixed-rate mortgage to equalize the effective costs of these loans over their holding periods.
To equalize the effective costs of the 30-year and 15-year fixed-rate mortgages over their 15-year holding periods, we need to determine the amount of points required.
The cost of the 30-year mortgage over 15 years is calculated as follows: $80,000 * 7.0% * 15 years = $70,248.
By subtracting the cost of the 15-year mortgage ($75,000) from the cost of the 30-year mortgage over 15 years ($70,248), we find the difference: $70,248 - $75,000 = -$4,752.
To equalize the costs, we need to reduce the cost of the 30-year mortgage by $4,752. Since one point on a mortgage loan is equivalent to one percent of the loan amount ($80,000), we calculate the percentage that $4,752 represents: $4,752 / $80,000 = 0.0594.
Therefore, we need to add 0.0594 points to the cost of the 15-year fixed-rate mortgage to equalize the effective costs of these loans over their holding periods.
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electronics company primarily known for its high-quality, premium watches) into Azerbaijan. Answer the below questions based on this assumption and your opinion.
1. What are the differences/similarities between PLC of Citizen in origin country (Japan) and Azerbaijan? Also, please explain if it is appropriate to sell this brand in our country.
2. Would you use standardization or adaptation strategy in the international market? (In terms of service, price, place, promotion) Which factors must be considered for this decision?
3. What are the market drivers, competitive drivers, cost drivers, technology drivers and government drivers in the country to bring?
4. If other environmental factors are appropriate to enter, which entry mode would you use (FDI, exporting, strategic alliance/joint venture, licensing/franchising)? What about entry barriers in Azerbaijan?
The differences/similarities between PLC of Citizen in origin country (Japan) and Azerbaijan and its appropriateness to sell this brand in Azerbaijan: PLC is short for Programmable Logic Controller, which is used in industrial control systems to automate and manage various activities.
2.An adaptation strategy would be used instead of a standardization strategy because it is necessary to adjust the product to meet the demands of the Azerbaijan market. The factors to consider for this decision are: Culture: The culture of Azerbaijan is different from Japan, and since Citizen is a Japanese company, it would need to adapt its product to suit the Azerbaijani culture. For example, the watches would need to have a design suitable for the culture of Azerbaijan so that they can sell effectively. Product: The product would also need to be adjusted to fit the Azerbaijani market, which has a unique environmental situation, temperature, and humidity levels that need to be considered. Price: The price must be adjusted to the Azerbaijani market, as there may be differences in purchasing power or willingness to pay. The pricing strategy must be well suited to the market, and discounts should be given to build customer loyalty. Promotion: Promotion must be tailored to the Azerbaijani market. A proper advertising medium that reaches the target market would be used.
3. Due to the rise in international travel, many Azerbaijanis are familiar with various brands. Competitive drivers: Companies such as Rolex, Omega, and others are among Citizen's competitors in Azerbaijan, so competition is tough. Cost drivers: The cost of production in Azerbaijan is relatively cheaper than other countries, which will increase the chances of success in the country. Technology drivers: The use of technology in Azerbaijan has increased rapidly in recent years, with consumers becoming more technology-savvy and interested in advanced features. Government drivers: The Azerbaijani government has implemented policies that encourage foreign investment, making it easier for foreign companies to enter and invest in the country.
4.If other environmental factors are appropriate for entry into Azerbaijan, a strategic alliance/joint venture would be the best entry mode. This is due to the following reasons: Shared risk: By partnering with a local company, the risk of investing in Azerbaijan would be shared with the local company, thus reducing the risk associated with entering a new market. Shared knowledge and experience: By partnering with a local company, the foreign company will gain access to local knowledge, expertise, and experience of the local company, which is vital for success in the market. Entry barriers: Azerbaijan has entry barriers for foreign companies entering the country. By partnering with a local company, it will be easier to overcome these entry barriers.
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Consider the following in answering a set of questions:
Nicanor is a resident doctor of ABC Hospital. At the same time, he operates his own clinic. ABC Hospital and Nicanor’s clinic are both accredited by PhilHealth. The following were disclosed to you by Nicanor:
Income from ABC Hospital:
Gross Compensation – Php 2,800,000
13th month pay and other benefits – Php 200,000
SSS, Philhealth and other mandatory contributions – Php 50,000
Income from Clinic:
Gross receipts:
From Walk-in patients with issued receipts - Php 1,000,000
From patients paid for by Philhealth – Php 1,000,000
Expenses:
Office Rental – Php 250,000
Representation expense – Php 100,000
Salary of staff nurse – Php 250,000
Salary of family driver – Php 120,000
Salary of kasambahay – 60,000
Gas and oil – Php 50,000
Utilities expense (office) – Php 100,000
Utilities expense (house) – Php 250,000
Other information:
Receipts from patients with no issued official receipts – Php 2,000,000
Under-the-table (not reported) Commissions from pharmaceutical companies due to referrals/prescriptions of medicines – Php 500,000
Quarterly Income tax payments – Php 30,000
Tax withheld by PhilHealth (with BIR Form 2307) – Php 100,000
Tax withheld by ABC Hospital (with BIR Form 2316) – Php 300,000
If you are the Accountant of ABC Hospital, how much withholding tax should be withheld on Nicanor’s compensation for the year?
Group of answer choices
b. 1,290,000
d. 701,200
c. 0
a. 746,000
The answer is PHP 701,200. Answer: (d) 701,200. As the accountant of ABC Hospital, the withholding tax that should be withheld on Nicanor’s compensation for the year is PHP 701,200.
Here are the explanations; The compensation income that is subject to withholding tax should be the PHP 2,800,000 plus the Php 200,000. Thus, the total compensation income that is subject to withholding tax amounts to PHP 3,000,000.
The formula for computing the withholding tax is as follows: Php 3,000,000 – Php 250,000 (personal exemption) – PHP 150,000 (dependent exemption) = Php 2,600,000 taxable income
Php 2,600,000 x 30% (tax rate) = PHP 780,000 tax due
Less: Php 100,000 (tax withheld by Phil health with BIR Form 2307)
Less: Php 300,000 (tax withheld by ABC Hospital with BIR Form 2316)
Total tax due = Php 780,000 – Php 100,000 – Php 300,000 = Php 380,000
Thus, the withholding tax due from Nicanor’s compensation should be PHP 380,000 x 2 = PHP 760,000 (semi-monthly withholding tax). At the end of the year, the total withholding tax due is PHP 760,000 x 12 = PHP 9,120,000.
But since the sum of the two withholding taxes paid during the year is PHP 4,419,800, only Php 9,120,000 – Php 4,419,800 = Php 4,700,200 should be withheld on the last payroll of the year.
So, the answer is PHP 701,200. Answer: (d) 701,200.
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OAuth bank connection in QuickBooks Online? Most banks will require the primary account holder to re-establish the OAuth connection when they change their password ✓ Most banks require the primary account holder to establish the OAuth connection to the bank You must add all of a user's linked accounts to the bank feeds in QuickBooks Online You can only import 60 days of bank activity into QuickBooks Online Not all banks and financial institutions support the OAuth bank connection
Not all banks and financial institutions support the OAuth bank connection in QuickBooks Online. Therefore, it is important to check whether a particular bank supports OAuth before attempting to establish the connection.
OAuth (Open Authorization) is a secure authentication protocol that allows users to grant third-party applications access to their accounts without sharing their passwords. In QuickBooks Online, OAuth is used to establish a secure connection between the user's bank account and QuickBooks.
However, not all banks and financial institutions have implemented OAuth for their online banking services. Some banks may still rely on other methods, such as direct API integrations or file-based imports, to connect with QuickBooks Online.
To determine if a specific bank supports the OAuth bank connection, you can refer to QuickBooks' official list of supported financial institutions or reach out to the bank directly for clarification.
While QuickBooks Online offers the convenience of connecting bank accounts through OAuth, it's important to note that not all banks and financial institutions support this method. Therefore, it is necessary to verify if a bank supports OAuth before attempting to establish the connection. QuickBooks provides resources and support to assist users in determining the available integration options for their specific banks.
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Dubon City has $50,000 in interest payable reported in the governmental activities column of the government-wide statement of net position as of December 30, 2021. By December 31, 2022, this interest payable should be $35,000. What adjustment should be made to interest expenditures to arrive at interest expense as should be reported in the government-wide statement of activities?
a. Increase interest expenditures by $35,000
b. Decrease interest expenditures by $35,000
c. Decrease interest expenditures by $15,000
d. Increase interest expenditures by $15,000
e. None of the above
The adjustment should be made to interest expenditures to arrive at interest expense will be; Decrease interest expenditures by $15,000. Option C is correct.
To determine the adjustment needed to arrive at interest expense as should be reported in the government-wide statement of activities, we need to consider the change in interest payable.
Since the interest payable decreased from $50,000 as of December 30, 2021, to $35,000 by December 31, 2022, it means that the city paid off a portion of its interest obligation during that period. The decrease in interest payable indicates that the interest expense recognized in the governmental activities column of the government-wide statement of activities should be lower than the interest expenditures.
To calculate the adjustment, we need to determine the change in interest payable;
Change in interest payable = Interest payable as of December 31, 2022 - Interest payable as of December 30, 2021
Change in interest payable = $35,000 - $50,000
Change in interest payable = -$15,000
The negative sign indicates a decrease in the interest payable.
To arrive at interest expense as should be reported in the government-wide statement of activities, we need to decrease interest expenditures by the change in interest payable. In this case, the adjustment should be a decrease of $15,000.
Hence, C. is the correct option.
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The id attribute is required only when it is needed to reference the control element.
True. The id attribute is only required when the control element needs to be referenced.
This attribute is one of the attributes found in HTML, and it provides an identifier for the element to make it easier for it to be referenced through other means. Here's an explanation and some detail to better understand this concept: The id attribute is a unique identifier for HTML elements, which must be unique within the entire HTML document.
The id attribute is used to distinguish elements from one another. When referencing an HTML element, the id attribute value must be used.The id attribute is used to uniquely identify elements in HTML documents. It is used in combination with HTML elements to create a unique identifier that can be used to link to a specific element.
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Think about the capital investment methods and criteria that have been discussed in this unit . Do you believe these are applicable for not - for - profit corporations or for government ? That governments and not - for -profit organizations should evaluate investments using these techniques ? Explain citing examples or research .
Yes, the capital investment methods and criteria discussed in this unit are applicable to not-for-profit corporations and governments.
For example, both entities need to consider the cost-benefit analysis, net present value, and payback period when evaluating potential investments.
Not-for-profit corporations and governments also face resource constraints and need to allocate their funds effectively. By applying capital investment techniques, they can assess the financial viability and impact of projects or initiatives. For instance, a non-profit organization may need to decide whether to invest in expanding its services or improving its infrastructure. By considering the expected returns and costs associated with each option, they can make informed decisions and maximize their social impact.
Similarly, governments often undertake capital projects, such as building infrastructure or implementing public programs. Evaluating these investments using capital investment techniques allows governments to assess the long-term benefits, costs, and feasibility. For instance, a government considering investing in renewable energy infrastructure can use techniques like net present value to compare the costs and benefits of different energy sources over time.
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A demand loan of $3000.00 is repaid by payments of $1500.00 after two years, $1500.00 after four years, and a final payment after eight years. Interest is 6% compounded semi-annually for the first two years, 7% compounded monthly for the next two years, and 7% compounded annually thereafter. What is the size of the final payment? The final payment is $ (Round the final answer to the nearest cent as needed. Round all intermediate values to six decimal places as needed.)
Given the principal amount of the demand loan is $3000, the payments are $1500 after two years, $1500 after four years, and a final payment after eight years. The final payment is $1378.15.
The interest is 6% compounded semi-annually for the first two years, 7% compounded monthly for the next two years, and 7% compounded annually thereafter. To find the size of the final payment: Calculate the amount owed after two years using the formula for compound interest:
A = P(1 + r/n)nt Where P = $3000, r = 0.06, n = 2, and t = 2.A = 3000(1 + 0.06/2)^(2×2)≈ $3410.38
After two years, the borrower has repaid $1500, which leaves a balance of: B1 = 3410.38 - 1500 = $1910.38
Calculate the amount owed after four years using the formula for compound interest: For this, the principal is the remaining balance after two years (B1), r = 0.07, n = 12, and t = 24 months. A = B1(1 + r/n)nt A = 1910.38(1 + 0.07/12)^(12×2)≈ $2517.62 After four years, the borrower has repaid $1500, which leaves a balance of: B2 = 2517.62 - 1500 = $1017.62Calculate the amount owed after eight years using the formula for compound interest: For this, the principal is the remaining balance after four years (B2), r = 0.07, n = 1, and t = 4 years.A = B2(1 + r/n)ntA = 1017.62(1 + 0.07/1)^(1×4)≈ $1378.15. The size of the final payment is the amount owed after eight years: $1378.15.
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Please respond to the following question using the template provided the class in APA format and submit in Learning Activity #10 submission box before 11:59pm on June 08, 2022.
1. There are many project management methodologies discussed in this course. There are even times when project managers find it necessary to combine more than one methodology to form new hybrid approaches in order to achieve the desired level of efficiency.
a. Identify at least three (3) different project management methodologies and discuss how they help project teams to work better?
b. What makes one methodology better than another?
2. Preparing for a specific international project requires serious pre-project homework. Understanding the motivation of the firm in selecting the project and its site provides important insights.
a. How would you explain to your Project Director about the basic political, geographic, economic, and infrastructure factors to be taken into consideration on a foreign project?
b. How will they impact the implementation of the project?
PLEASE DONT POST WHICH IS ALREADY BEEN POSTED
A planned task or exercise created to aid the acquisition of knowledge, skills, or competencies is referred to as a learning activity. It is a planned educational experience that strives to encourage meaningful learning and active engagement from students.
1. a: There are various project management methodologies and techniques that project managers employ to make their work more efficient and successful. The following are three different project management methodologies and how they aid project teams in working better:
Agile: Agile methodology is a well-known project management approach that allows for greater flexibility and adaptability. This methodology encourages ongoing improvement, cross-functional team collaborations, and constant feedback from the client.
Kanban: Kanban methodology is a visual framework that focuses on enabling project teams to deliver small amounts of work regularly. It is a lean approach to project management that emphasizes just-in-time delivery of work and team efficiency.
.PMBOK: The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) is a set of standards and best practices that project managers may use to improve their performance. It covers a wide range of topics, including integration management, scope management, time management, and risk management.
1b: The methodology that is most appropriate for a project will be determined by a variety of factors. These factors include the complexity of the project, the size of the team, and the desired level of control and flexibility. Additionally, the industry in which the project will be completed and the stakeholders involved should be considered. When choosing a project management methodology, the following factors must be considered:
Project size and complexity The industry in which the project is to be conducted stakeholders involved project's timelineFlexibility and control question
2a: When working on a foreign project, several factors should be considered, including political, geographic, economic, and infrastructure. The following is how the Project Director can be informed about these factors:
Political factors: Political stability, corruption, and government bureaucracy are all political factors to consider while working on a foreign project. Understanding the political climate of the country where the project will be carried out is critical because it might significantly impact the project's implementation.
Geographic factors: When working on a foreign project, geographic factors such as climate, language, and culture can be crucial. A project manager must comprehend the cultural differences that may impact the project's implementation, such as religious observances, social practices, and holidays.
Economic factors: Economic factors such as inflation, taxation, and labour costs are significant considerations when conducting business internationally. A project manager should be familiar with the country's financial regulations, currency, exchange rate, and taxation laws.
Infrastructure factors: Before beginning work on a foreign project, infrastructure considerations such as transportation, telecommunication, utilities, and power must be taken into account. Understanding the quality of available infrastructure and how it affects project work is critical.
2b: International projects necessitate additional planning, assessment, and management compared to domestic projects. Understanding the basic political, geographic, economic, and infrastructure factors of the foreign country before the project commences is critical to its success. The following are ways in which the factors might impact the project implementation:
Political factors: Political factors, such as corruption and government bureaucracy, may have a significant impact on the project's progress. Political instability, for example, might cause projects to be delayed or halted indefinitely.
Geographic factors: Geographic factors such as climate, language, and culture might have an impact on the project's implementation. Language barriers and cultural differences, for example, might make communication difficult, which might result in project delays or failures.
Economic factors: Economic factors such as inflation, taxation, and labour costs might influence the project's implementation. Currency fluctuations, tax policy changes, and labour disputes might all have an impact on a project's bottom line.
Infrastructure factors: Infrastructure considerations, such as transportation and power, might have an impact on the project's implementation. Infrastructure inadequacies or disruptions might make it difficult to transport equipment and supplies to the project site.
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If the economy was in a recession what would be the appropriate fiscal policy to carry out?
If the economy were in a recession, the appropriate fiscal policy to carry out would be expansionary fiscal policy. The expansionary fiscal policy aims to increase aggregate demand by increasing government spending and decreasing taxes.
Fiscal policy refers to the actions taken by the government to influence its country's economy. It is how the government uses its spending and taxation policies to influence the economy's performance. Fiscal policy is used to achieve macroeconomic goals like inflation, economic growth, and full employment. During a recession, the economy experiences high unemployment, low consumption, and weak investment.
The government's expansionary fiscal policy can counteract this by increasing government spending, decreasing taxes, or increasing transfer payments. All of these measures will increase the disposable income and consumption of the people, which will result in an increase in aggregate demand. This increase in aggregate demand will lead to an increase in the level of economic activities, which will subsequently lead to economic growth and full employment. In conclusion, in the case of a recession, an expansionary fiscal policy will be appropriate to stimulate the economy and achieve the desired macroeconomic goals.
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Describe each of the four early theories of motivations
Instinct Theory of Motivation these four early theories of motivation have played a crucial role in understanding motivation and human behavior.
The instinct theory of motivation is an early theory of motivation that is based on the notion that human beings are driven by instincts. The theory proposes that all behaviors are instinctual and are determined by evolutionary processes. Therefore, the theory suggests that behaviors are unlearned and are not affected by the environment.
Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation The drive-reduction theory of motivation suggests that human behavior is driven by the need to reduce internal physiological tension created by an unmet need. According to the theory, the individual's primary goal is to reduce tension and satisfy the need. This theory implies that motivation is a result of physiological needs.
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Awan Biru Technology Bhd is considering investing in a new project and has the following capital structure:
Awan Biru Technology Bhd has three alternatives to finance its long-term financing
- The firm has 17 percent cost of debt before tax. The corporate taxes are announced at 25 percent.
- A preferred share issues at RM125 per share which pays an annual dividend of RM4.25 per share. The current price of preferred share is RM99.50.
- The common shares are currently selling at RM105 per share. The firm paid a dividend of RM5.75 per share last year. This dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate of 3.5 percent per year. The flotation cost is valued at RM6.25.
Based on the information below, calculate:
i. Cost of debt (kd).
The cost of debt (kd) for Awan Biru Technology Bhd is 17 percent before tax. This means that the firm has an annual interest expense equal to 17 percent of its total debt. After considering the corporate tax rate of 25 percent, the after-tax cost of debt can be calculated.
To calculate the after-tax cost of debt, we multiply the pre-tax cost of debt by one minus the tax rate:
kd = (1 - tax rate) * cost of debt
= (1 - 0.25) * 17%
= 0.75 * 17%
= 12.75%
The cost of debt (kd) for Awan Biru Technology Bhd is 12.75 percent after taking into account the corporate tax rate. This represents the effective cost of debt for the company after considering the tax benefits associated with interest payments.
The cost of debt is the interest rate that a company must pay on its debt. In this case, Awan Biru Technology Bhd has a cost of debt of 17 percent before tax. However, since interest payments are tax-deductible, the after-tax cost of debt is lower. To calculate the after-tax cost of debt, we multiply the pre-tax cost of debt by one minus the tax rate. In this case, the corporate tax rate is 25 percent, so the after-tax cost of debt is 12.75 percent. This represents the effective interest rate that the company will pay on its debt after accounting for the tax benefits.
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A non-dividend paying stock currently trades for $37.61 and has an annualised return standard deviation of 17.5%. Given that the continuously compounded risk-free rate of return is 2.737% p.a., complete the following:
A) Using a two-step binomial tree, price the European put option on the stock when the put has an exercise price of $35 and 6 months to maturity. (4 marks)
b) Use BSM to calculate the theoretical price of the put option. (4 marks)
c) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of buying verses selling put options. (1 mark)
d) Explain the concept of implied volatility including how it is calculated. (1 mark)
a) Using a two-step binomial tree to price the European put option:
We will construct a two-step binomial tree to calculate the price of the put option.
Step 1: Determine the up and down factors
The up factor (u) and down factor (d) can be calculated using the formula:
u = e^(σ√Δt), where σ is the standard deviation and Δt is the time step.
d = 1/u
Given:
Standard deviation (σ) = 17.5% = 0.175
Time to maturity (Δt) = 6 months = 0.5 years
u = e^(0.175√0.5) ≈ 1.0937
d = 1/u ≈ 1/1.0937 ≈ 0.9147
Step 2: Calculate the stock prices at each node
We start from the current stock price of $37.61 and calculate the stock prices at each node using the up and down factors.
At the first step:
Stock price at node 1: $37.61 * u ≈ $41.07
Stock price at node 2: $37.61 * d ≈ $34.41
At the second step:
Stock price at node 3: $41.07 * u ≈ $44.87
Stock price at node 4: $34.41 * d ≈ $31.49
Step 3: Calculate the option payoff at each node
For a European put option with an exercise price of $35, the option payoff at each node is calculated as:
Payoff = Max(exercise price - stock price, 0)
At the final step:
Payoff at node 3: Max($35 - $44.87, 0) = $0
Payoff at node 4: Max($35 - $31.49, 0) = $3.51
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