How are models used in chemistry? How does evidence change these models?​

when pressure of the reactant mixture at the equilibrium and with the fewer moles in reactant side will be increased and the equilibrium will be shift to the side in the reaction where the fewer moles of the gas.

According to the Le Chartelier, when the reaction is in the equilibrium phase and the one of the constraints which will affect the rate of the reactions, and the equilibrium will be shift to the cancel out  this effect that the constraint had.

Therefore, If the pressure of the system or the reaction is in the equilibrium is change, the equilibrium of the reaction will be change that is depending on the side of the reaction with the highest number of the molecules.

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The alpha decay of radon is shown by;

222/86Rn ----> 218/84Po + 4/2He

Radon undergoes alpha decay by emitting an alpha particle, which consists of two protons and two neutrons.

Let us note that when there is an alpha decay, the parent nucleus would loose a helium nucleus and the daughter nucleus would less than than the parent in mass by four units and less than the parent in charge by 2 units and this would satisfy the mass and charge balance of the equation. The decay equation is; 222/86Rn ----> 218/84Po + 4/2He

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Missing parts;

Use the equation to complete the activity.

219 86Rn → 215 84Po + a

The nuclear equation shows the transmutation of a form of radon into polonium and an alpha particle. In one to two sentences, explain whether or not the reaction is balanced.

The number of mole of H₂O₂ that were composed by the catalyst (10 mL of potassium iodine) is 0.0396 mole

From the question given above, the following data were obtained

Molarity and number of mole of as substance are related according to the following equation

Molarity = number of mole / Volume

Inputting the given parameters, the number of mole H₂O₂ solution can be obtain as shown below:

0.7959 = number of mole of H₂O₂ solution / 0.0498

Cross multiply

Number of mole of H₂O₂ solution = 0.7959 × 0.0498

Number of mole of H₂O₂ solution = 0.0396 mole

Thus, the number of moles of H₂O₂ solution composed is 0.0396 mole

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Quantifying chemical reactions is essential in understanding the stoichiometry of a reaction, predicting product formation, and optimizing product yield in industrial applications. Stoichiometric coefficients and limiting reactants are two important tools used in this process.

Quantifying chemical reactions involves measuring the amount of reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction. This is important in determining the stoichiometry of the reaction, which refers to the relative amounts of reactants and products involved. Stoichiometry is a crucial concept in chemistry because it allows scientists to predict the amount of product that will be formed from a given amount of reactant, or vice versa.
One way to quantify chemical reactions is through the use of stoichiometric coefficients. These coefficients represent the number of moles of each reactant and product involved in the reaction. For example, the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between hydrogen gas and oxygen gas to form water is:
[tex]2H2 + O2 → 2H2O[/tex]
This equation tells us that two moles of hydrogen gas react with one mole of oxygen gas to form two moles of water. The stoichiometric coefficients can be used to determine the mass of each reactant and product involved in the reaction, using the molar masses of each substance.
Another way to quantify chemical reactions is through the use of limiting reactants. A limiting reactant is the reactant that is completely consumed in a reaction, limiting the amount of product that can be formed. The amount of product formed will be determined by the amount of limiting reactant present. This concept is important in industrial chemistry, where maximizing product yield is often the goal.

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15.66% of the first cation is still in solution as the second cation is just beginning to precipitate.

One of the three main nutrients that are most frequently used in fertilisers is phosphorous, which is obtained from processing phosphate rock (the other two are nitrogen and potassium).

You can also make phosphoric acid into phosphoric acids, which are utilised in everything from food and skincare to animal feed and electronics. Over the course of millions of years, organic matter accumulates to form the sedimentary rock known as phosphate.

When [tex]Na_{3}Po_{4}[/tex] added to the solution of Ca and Mg, [tex]Ca_{3}(Po_{4})_{2}[/tex] and [tex]Ag_{3}Po_{4}[/tex] are formed.

Ksp of [tex]Ca_{3}(Po_{4})_{2} = 2.07*10^{-33}[/tex]

Ksp of [tex]Ag_{3}Po_{4} = 0.09*10^{-17}[/tex]

Concentration of [tex][Ca^{2+}][/tex] = 0.040 M

Concentration of [tex][Ag^{+}][/tex] = 0.0990 M

[tex]Ag_{3} Po_{4} - > 3Ag^{+} + Po_{4}^{3-}[/tex]

Ksp = [tex][Ag^{+}]^{3} [Po4^{3-}][/tex]

[tex]0.09*10^{-17} = (0.099)^{3} [Po_{3-}][/tex]

[tex][Po_{3-}] = 9.16*10^{-14}M[/tex]

[tex]Ksp = [Ca^{2+}]^{3} [Po_{3-}][/tex]

[tex]2.07*10^{-33} = (0.040)^{3} [Po_{4}^{3-}]^{2}[/tex]

[tex][Po_{4}^{3-}] = 5.68*10^{-15} M[/tex]

[tex][Po_{4}^{3-}][/tex] is smaller in [tex]Ca_{3}(Po_{4})_{2}[/tex]

[tex]Ca_{3}(Po_{4})_{2}[/tex] will start precipitating first

[tex]Ksp = [Ca^{2+}]^{3} [Po_{4}^{3-}]^{2}[/tex]

[tex]2.07*10^{-33} = [Ca^{2+}]^{3} (9.16*10^{-14})^{2}[/tex]

[tex][Ca^{2+}] = 6.27*10^{-3} M[/tex]

[tex]\%\ of\ Ca^{2+}[/tex] remaining [tex]= 6.27*10^{-3}/0.040 * 100[/tex]

= 15.66 %

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The statement that is true about the reactions is

In Reactions A and B, the participating atoms preserve their elemental identity despite losing electrons (in Reaction A) or protons and neutrons (in Reaction B). This can give rise to distinct isotopes or ions of the same element while preserving its fundamental attributes.

The statements concerning energy production aren't necessarily accurate or linked with the reaction's traits. Energy output depends on many variables, such as specific reactants involved and their conditions during reactions.

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25.0 g of CaCO3 will produce 11.0 g of CO2. Mass is an intrinsic property of an object, meaning it does not depend on the object's location or the presence of other objects.

What is Mass?

Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. It is a scalar quantity and is typically measured in units such as grams (g) or kilograms (kg). Mass is not the same as weight, which is a measure of the force exerted on an object due to gravity.

The balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is:

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

According to the equation, 1 mole of CaCO3 produces 1 mole of CO2. The molar mass of CaCO3 is 100.09 g/mol, which means that 1 mole of CaCO3 has a mass of 100.09 g.

To calculate the mass of CO2 produced from 25.0 g of CaCO3, we first need to convert the mass of CaCO3 to moles:

25.0 g CaCO3 x (1 mol CaCO3/100.09 g CaCO3) = 0.2498 mol CaCO3

Since 1 mole of CaCO3 produces 1 mole of CO2, we know that 0.2498 mol of CaCO3 will produce 0.2498 mol of CO2.

To convert the moles of CO2 to mass, we can use the molar mass of CO2, which is 44.01 g/mol:

0.2498 mol CO2 x 44.01 g/mol = 11.0 g CO2

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1. The star that has a temperature of approximately 9000 K and luminosity about 20 times greater than the Sun’s luminosity is Vega.

2. The type of star that is considered part of the main sequence is red dwarfs.

3. The star that is cooler than the Sun is Barnard’s Star.

4. The Sun is classified as a main sequence star.

5. The force most responsible for the formation of stars is gravity.

6. The star that has a higher luminosity and a lower temperature than the Sun is Aldebaran.

7. Compared to the temperature and luminosity of the star Polaris, the star Sirius is hotter and more luminous.

Answer:

D is correct.(1s22s22p63s2)

Answer:

two

Explanation:

the answer is two

option b

Answer: Cells

Explanation:

a. The mass of Cr2O3 is 0.559 g Cr2O3 is the maximum amount of  Cr2O3 produced.

b.The limiting reactant is  Cr(NO3)3  because it produces less moles of Cr2O3 than Na2O.

c. The percent yield is 84%.

The balanced equation is shown below:

2 Cr(NO3)3 + 3 Na2O → Cr2O3 + 6 NaNO3

moles of Cr(NO3)3 = 1.75 g / 238.01 g/mol = 0.00735 mol

moles of Na2O = 1.75 g / 61.98 g/mol = 0.0282 mol

moles of Cr2O3 = (0.00735 mol Cr(NO3)3) × (1 mol Cr2O3 / 2 mol Cr(NO3)3) = 0.00368 mol Cr2O3 (theoretical yield)

mass of Cr2O3 = (0.00368 mol Cr2O3) × (151.99 g/mol) = 0.559 g Cr2O3

The percent yield can be calculated by dividing the actual yield by the theoretical yield and multiplying by 100%:

percent yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) × 100%

percent yield = (0.455 g / 0.559 g) × 100% = 81.4%

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Initially, there was a 266.8 mm Hg pressure.

solve this problem, we can use the combined gas law, which relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas sample. The formula is:
(P1 × V1) ÷ (T1) = (P2 × V2) ÷ (T2)
where P1 and P2 are the initial and final pressures, V1 and V2 are the initial and final volumes, and T1 and T2 are the initial and final temperatures.

We are given that:
- V1 = 436 mL
- V2 = 612 mL
- T1 = 24 C + 273.15 = 297.15 K (convert from Celsius to Kelvin)
- T2 = 97 C + 273.15 = 370.15 K
- P2 = 526 mm Hg

We want to find P1, the original pressure.
Plugging in the values, we get:
(P1 × 436 mL) ÷ (297.15 K) = (526 mm Hg × 612 mL) ÷ (370.15 K)

Solving for P1, we get:
P1 = (526 mm Hg × 612 mL × 297.15 K) ÷ (436 mL × 370.15 K) = 266.8 mm Hg

Therefore, the original pressure was 266.8 mm Hg.

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The main difference between practical work inside and outside a laboratory is the environment and tools used for experimentation.

Inside a laboratory, experiments are conducted in a controlled environment with specialized equipment and instruments designed to facilitate experimentation, record data, and ensure safety.

On the other hand, outside the laboratory, experiments are often conducted in a less controlled environment, which can make it more challenging to control variables and obtain accurate results.

Also, experiments outside the laboratory often require different tools and techniques to account for environmental factors such as weather conditions. However, outside the laboratory, there is often more opportunity for real-world applications of experimental findings.

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There are 0.25 moles of HCl present in 250 mL of 1.0 M HCl.

We have to calculate the number of moles of HCl present in some mL of 1.0M HCl.  A mole is defined as the amount of substance in a system that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon 12. We represent mole by the symbol 'mol'. Now, we will see how to calculate the number of moles.

We can calculate the number of moles of a substance using the following expression;

Molarity = no of moles of an element/volume

According to this question, we were given 250. mL of 1.0 M HCl. The number of moles will be calculated by the formula as follows;

no of moles of HCl = 0.250L × 1.0M

no of moles of HCl = 0.250 moles.

Therefore, 0.25 moles are present in 250 mL of 1.0 M HCl.

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The mass of Fe₂O₃ produced is 101.9 g.

The balanced chemical equation for the combustion of iron pyrite is:

4FeS₂(s) + 11O₂(g) → 2Fe₂O3(s) + 8SO₂(g)

From the equation, 11 moles of oxygen are required to produce 2 moles of Fe₂O₃. Convert the given volume of oxygen to moles:

n(O2) = PV/RT = (2.97 atm)(74 L)/(0.0821 L·atm/mol·K)(161 + 273 K) = 3.51 mol

Since the reaction requires 11 moles of O₂ for every 2 moles of Fe₂O₃, calculate the moles of Fe₂O₃ produced:

n(Fe₂O₃) = (2/11) × n(O₂) = (2/11) × 3.51 mol = 0.638 mol

Finally, use the molar mass of Fe₂O₃ to convert moles to grams:

m(Fe₂O₃) = n(Fe₂O₃) × M(Fe₂O₃) = 0.638 mol × 159.69 g/mol = 101.9 g

Therefore, the mass of Fe₂O₃ produced is 101.9 g.

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a. We will be able to release 37,827 kJ. b. You can cook a maximum of 19 hamburgers without exceeding the limit of 0.750 kg of carbon dioxide.

a. We need to use the balanced chemical equation and the enthalpy change of the reaction.

Therefore, moles  [tex]CO_2[/tex] produced are[tex]0.750 kg / 44.01 g/mol = 17.03 mol.[/tex]

The enthalpy change of the reaction is -2220.1 kJ/mol. Thus, the maximum number of kilojoules that can be released is:

[tex]\Delta Hrxn * moles of[/tex] [tex]CO_2[/tex] = [tex]-2220.1 kJ/mol * 17.03 mol = -37,827 kJ[/tex]

We need to reverse the sign of the answer, giving us 37,827 kJ.

b. If it requires 1900 kJ to cook one hamburger, we can divide the maximum number of kilojoules that can be released by the energy required to cook one hamburger:

37,827 kJ / 1900 kJ/hamburger = 19.91 hamburgers

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Methemoglobinemia was caused by contaminated well water and a genetic predisposition in the population of Troublesome Creek, KY.

Methemoglobinemia was detached to the Problematic Rivulet area of KY in view of the novel blend of ecological variables and hereditary inclination in the populace. The issue was brought about by the utilization of well water polluted with elevated degrees of nitrate and nitrite, which can cause the arrangement of methemoglobin in the blood. The populace in this space was to a great extent slipped from a little gathering of trailblazers who settled there during the 1800s, which might have added to a higher pervasiveness of the hereditary characteristic that inclines people toward the issue. The particular mix of hereditary defenselessness and ecological openness in this populace probably prompted the secluded flare-up of methemoglobinemia around here.

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Answer:

1.02 J/g°C.

Explanation:

We can use the equation:

q = m * c * ΔT

where q is the heat absorbed or released, m is the mass of the substance (in grams), c is the specific heat, and ΔT is the change in temperature (in Celsius).

First, we can calculate the heat gained by the water:

q_water = m_water * c_water * ΔT_water

where m_water is the mass of the water (in grams), c_water is the specific heat of water (4.184 J/g°C), and ΔT_water is the change in temperature of the water.

m_water = 120 g

c_water = 4.184 J/g°C

ΔT_water = (32°C - 24°C) = 8°C

q_water = (120 g) * (4.184 J/g°C) * (8°C) = 4009 J

This means that the heat lost by the unknown solid is equal to the heat gained by the water:

q_solid = -q_water

q_solid = -4009 J

Next, we can calculate the change in temperature of the solid:

ΔT_solid = (32°C - 80°C) = -48°C

Now, we can solve for the specific heat of the solid:

q_solid = m_solid * c_solid * ΔT_solid

-4009 J = (90.0 g) * c_solid * (-48°C)

c_solid = -4009 J / (90.0 g * -48°C)

c_solid = 1.02 J/g°C

Therefore, the specific heat of the unknown solid is 1.02 J/g°C.

Under the specified conditions, the cell potential of the given galvanic cell is 3.11 V.

The standard reduction potentials for the half-reactions involved in the cell reaction are:

Ti²⁺(aq) + 2e- ⇆ Ti(s) E° = -1.63 V

Au³⁺(aq) + 3e- ⇆ Au(s) E° = +1.50 V

The cell potential (Ecell) is given by:

Ecell = E°cathode - E°anode

where E°cathode = standard reduction potential of the cathode (reduction half-reaction) and E°anode = standard reduction potential of the anode (oxidation half-reaction).

In this case, Ti²⁺ is oxidized (anode) and Au³⁺ is reduced (cathode). Therefore:

E°anode = -1.63 V

E°cathode = +1.50 V

So, Ecell = +1.50 V - (-1.63 V) = +3.13 V

The Nernst equation can be used to calculate the cell potential (Ecell) under non-standard conditions:

Ecell = E°cell - (RT/nF) ln(Q)

where R = gas constant (8.314 J/(molK)), T = temperature in Kelvin (25 °C = 298 K), n = number of electrons transferred in the balanced equation (3 in this case), F = Faraday constant (96,485 C/mol), and Q = reaction quotient.

For the given concentrations:

[Ti²⁺] = 0.00140 M

[Au³⁺] = 0.887 M

The reaction quotient Q can be written as:

Q = ([Ti²⁺]³/[Au³⁺]²)

Substituting the values into the Nernst equation:

Ecell = E°cell - (RT/nF) ln([Ti²⁺]³/[Au³⁺]²)

Ecell = 3.13 V - (8.314 J/(molK) × 298 K / (3 × 96,485 C/mol)) ln(0.00140³/0.887²)

Ecell = 3.13 V - 0.0217 V

Ecell = 3.11 V

Therefore, the cell potential for the given galvanic cell under the given conditions is 3.11 V.

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The electrons can be arranged in increasing order of energy as follows: (1,0,0,-1/2) < (2,1,0,-1/2) < (2,1,0,-1/2) < (3,1,1,1/2) < (3,2,0,-1/2).

The energy of an electron is determined by its principal quantum number (n), azimuthal quantum number (l), magnetic quantum number (m), and spin quantum number (s). The electrons can be arranged in increasing order of energy by comparing their quantum numbers.

Starting with the lowest energy electron, we have the electron with quantum numbers (1,0,0,-1/2). This electron has the lowest principal quantum number, indicating that it occupies the lowest energy level.

It also has an azimuthal quantum number of zero, which corresponds to the s subshell, and a negative spin quantum number, indicating that its spin is aligned opposite to the magnetic field.

Next, we have the two electrons with quantum numbers (2,1,0,-1/2). These electrons have the same principal quantum number, indicating that they occupy the same energy level.

They both have an azimuthal quantum number of one, which corresponds to the p subshell, and a negative spin quantum number.

Following these electrons, we have the electron with quantum numbers (3,1,1,1/2). This electron has a higher principal quantum number than the previous electrons, indicating that it occupies a higher energy level.

It has an azimuthal quantum number of one, which corresponds to the p subshell, and a positive spin quantum number.

Finally, we have the electron with quantum numbers (3,2,0,-1/2). This electron has the highest azimuthal quantum number of all the electrons, indicating that it occupies the d subshell. It also has a negative spin quantum number.

Therefore, the electrons can be arranged in increasing order of energy as follows: (1,0,0,-1/2) < (2,1,0,-1/2) < (2,1,0,-1/2) < (3,1,1,1/2) < (3,2,0,-1/2).

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The limiting reagent for the reaction between 0.150 g of salicylic acid and 0.350 mL of acetic anhydride is salicylic acid, C₇H₆O₃

First, we shall determine the mass of the acetic anhydride. Details below:

Mass = density × volume

Mass of acetic anhydride, C₄H₆O₃ = 1.082 × 0.350

Mass of acetic anhydride, C₄H₆O₃ = 0.3787 g

Finally, we shall determine the limiting reagent. Details below:

C₇H₆O₃ + C₄H₆O₃ -> C₉H₈O₄ + CH₃COOH

From the balanced equation above,

138.121 g of C₇H₆O₃ reacted with 102.09 g of C₄H₆O₃

Therefore,

0.150 g of C₇H₆O₃ will react with = (0.150 × 102.09) / 138.121 = 0.11089 g of C₄H₆O₃

We can see from the above that only 0.11089 g of acetic anhydride, C₄H₆O₃ out of 0.3787 g is needed to react with 0.150 g of salicylic acid, C₇H₆O₃

Thus, the limiting reagent is salicylic acid, C₇H₆O₃

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The pH of the solution is 5.72, which is slightly acidic.

pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration (H+) in a solution. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, where a pH of 7 is neutral, pH below 7 is acidic, and pH above 7 is basic. The formula to calculate pH is pH = -log[H+], where [H+] represents the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles per liter.
Given the H+ concentration of 1.9x10-6, we can calculate the pH of the solution as follows:
pH = -log(1.9x10-6) = 5.72
It is important to note that pH is an important factor in various chemical and biological processes. It can affect the solubility of certain substances, enzymatic activity, and the growth and survival of living organisms. Maintaining the appropriate pH is crucial for the proper functioning of these processes.

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The decay of Xenon-146 follows an exponential decay model, where the amount of Xenon-146 remaining after time t is given by:

N(t) = N0 * (1/2)^(t/T)

where N0 is the initial amount of Xenon-146, T is the half-life of Xenon-146, and t is the time that has passed.

We are given that N0 = 416 g, N(t) = 13 g, and T = 37 hours. We can solve for t as follows:

N(t) = N0 * (1/2)^(t/T)

13 = 416 * (1/2)^(t/37)

Taking the natural logarithm of both sides:

ln(13) = ln(416) + (t/37) * ln(1/2)

Solving for t:

t = 37 * [ln(13/416) / ln(1/2)]

t ≈ 111.2 hours

Therefore, the Xenon-146 has been decaying for approximately 111.2 hours.

The volume of a 1.0 M solution that has 4.0 moles of solute is 4.0 liters.

A mole is a unit of measurement used in chemistry to represent the quantity of a chemical.

We can use the following formula to get the volume of a 1.0 M solution containing 4.0 moles of solute:

moles of solute = molarity x volume of solution

To determine the volume of the solution, we can rearrange this formula as follows:

Volume of solution = molarity / moles of solute.

By entering the specified values, we obtain:

4.0 moles / 1.0 M is the solution's volume.

Solution volume = 4.0 L

Therefore, the volume of a 1.0 M solution that has 4.0 moles of solute is 4.0 liters.

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Answer:

2.000 moles.

Explanation:

To solve this question, we need to use the formula:

n = V / VM

where n is the number of moles, V is the volume of water in milliliters, and VM is the molar volume of water in milliliters per mole. The molar volume of water at standard temperature and pressure (STP) is 18.02 mL/mol. Plugging in the given value, we get:

n = 36.030 mL / 18.02 mL/mol n = 2.000 moles

The answer is 2.000 moles.

Answer:

649.090

Explanation:

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and some microorganisms convert light energy into chemical energy. It is a complex process that occurs in two stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (also known as the Calvin cycle). 

The light-dependent reactions (Photosynthesis)occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and involve the absorption of light by pigments such as chlorophyll. This energy is then used to generate ATP and NADPH, which are used in the next stage of the process. The light-independent reactions occur in the stroma of chloroplasts and involve the fixation of carbon dioxide into organic molecules using the energy generated in the previous stage. 

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